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American society saw an increase in student activism again in the 1990s with the
ushering in of the neoliberal policies of Bill Clinton. The popular education reform
movement has led to an resurgence of populist student activism against standardized
teaching and testing, as well as more complex issues, including rallying against the
military/industrial/prison complex and the influence of the military and corporations in
education. There is also increased emphasis on ensuring that changes that are made are
sustainable, by pushing for better education funding and policy or leadership changes that
engage students as decision-makers in schools. Major contemporary campaigns include
work for better funding of public schools and against increased tuitions at colleges or the
use of sweatshop labor in manufacturing school apparel.
Text 5. School uniform
School unifor ms are common in elementary and secondary schools in many nations.
The European country that has the most widespread use of school uniforms is the United
Kingdom. The practice of prescribing clothing has spread from there to many formerly
British territories (including the Republic of Ireland, Australia, Singapore, Hong Kong, New
Zealand, Malaysia and South Africa).
Japan is another industrialised country in which school uniforms are nearly universal.
In most of continental Europe and Scandinavia, school uniforms are however not common.
Russia abolished school uniforms in its public school system after the replacement of
communist party government in the early 1990s. Cuba still dresses its children in the
"pioneer" uniform. In 2004 the French law on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols
in schools was introduced to outlaw obvious religious clothing and symbols.
In North America school uniforms are generally not used in public (state-sponsored)
schools . However, independent schools often have s chool uniforms. In the 1990s, there was
a trend, including a mention by President Clinton in a State of the Union Address toward re-
introducing uniforms in American public schools, and especially so in low-income areas.
This was at first motivated by a need to counter "gang clothing", but has later also been seen
by some as a way of improving morale and school discipline.
Traditionally, school uniforms have been subdued and professional. Boys' uniforms
often consist of dark trousers and light-coloured shirt, plus a jacket in cold weather. A girl's
might consist of a skirt and blouse. The gender-specific uniforms have been another point of
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