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Bridge of San Luis Rey, or MacBeth's knowledge of his own destiny does not preclude a
horrible fate. The common theme is: try as the protagonists might to change the patterns,
they cannot escape a destiny if your fate has been sealed.
A s ense of des tiny in its oldest human s ens e is in the s oldier's fatalis tic image of the
"bullet that has your name on it" or the moment when your number "comes up." The human
sense that there must be a hidden purpose in the random lottery governs the selection of
Theseus to be among the youths to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. Many Greek legends and
tales teach the futility of trying to outmaneuver an inexorable fate that has been correctly
predicted. Reading the ins crutable W ill of Destiny is the job of the s haman, the prophet, the
sibyl and the seer.
Text 4. Psychological views of happiness
Martin Seligman in his book Authentic Happiness gives the Positive Psychology
definition of happiness as consisting of both positive emotions (like comfort) and positive
activities (like absorption). He presents three categories of positive emotions:
• past: feelings of satisfaction, contentment, pride, and serenity.
• present (examples): enjoying the taste of food, glee at listening to music, absorption
in reading.
• future: feelings of optimis m, hope, trust, faith, and confidence.
There are three categories of present positive emotions:
• bodily pleasures, e.g. enjoying the taste of food.
• higher pleasures, e.g. glee at listening to music.
• gratifications, e.g. absorption in reading.
The bodily and higher pleasures are "pleasures of the moment" and usually involve
some external stimulus.
Gratifications involve full engagement, flow, elimination of self-consciousness, and
blocking of felt emotions. But when a gratification comes to an end then positive emotions
will be felt. Gratifications can be obtained or increased by developing signature strengths
and virtues. Authenticity is the derivation of gratification and positive emotions from
exercising signature strengths. The good life comes from using signature strengths to obtain
abundant gratification in, for example, enjoying work and pursuing a meaningful life.
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