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47
have enormous utility to medicine. Although he was unable to purify the compound (the
beta-lactam ring in the penicillin molecule was not stable under the purification methods he
tried), he reported it in the s cientific literature. Since the mold was of the genus Penicillium,
he named this compound penicillin.
With the increased need for treating wound infections in World War II, resources were
poured into investigating and purifying penicillin, and a team led by Howard Walter Florey
succeeded in producing usable quantities of the purified active ingredient which were
quickly tested on clinical cases. Physicians were exhilarated at the rapid and reliable cure of
conditions which had, until then, been difficult to treat, terrible to endure, and frequently
fatal. Observation of other species of mold and other organisms revealed a hitherto
unknown level of chemical warfare being carried out against bacteria. New antibiotics were
rapidly discovered and came into widespread use, and a new era of research into the
possibility of similarly "magic" chemotherapeutic cures for other dis eas es eventually led to
successes in the field of cancer chemotherapy.
The discovery of antibiotics, along with anesthesia and the adoption of hygienic
practices by physicians (for example, washing hands and using sterilized instruments)
revolutionized medicine. It has been said that this is the greatest advance in health since
modern sanitation. People in developed countries now find it hard to imagine that a simple
scratch once always carried the risk of infection and death.
Side effects
Side effects range from slight headache to a major allergic reaction. One of the more
common side effects is diarrhea, which results from the antibiotic disrupting the balance of
intestinal flora, the "good bacteria" that dwell inside the human digestive system. Other side
effects can result from interaction between the antibiotic and other drugs, such as elevated
risk of tendon damage from administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic
corticos teroid.
Anti biotic misuse
Common forms of antibiotic misuse include taking an inappropriate antibiotic, in
particular the use of antibacterials for viral infections like the common cold, and failure to
take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, usually because the patient feels better
before the infecting organism is completely eradicated. In addition to treatment failure,
these practices can result in antibiotic resistance.
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