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UNIT 9. MODALS: ABILITY, OBLIGATION (PTESENT AND FUTURE)
Ability: can, can't, cannot
Can't is the negative, with cannot as a formal and written form. There is no third
person -s form. Question forms are Can I, Can you etc.
Use can / can't
• to describe ability or lack of it. Many animals can see c1early in the dark. Human
beings can't do this.
• to describe what is allowed or not allowed. You can look at the animals in the zoo
but you can't touch them.
• with a future meaning. Sorry, but I can't come to the party next week.
• with verbs of perception: hear, see, taste, feel, smell. What can you see? I can
smell gas.
Ability: be able to
This has the same meaning as can.
Use be able to
• instead of can. Many animals are able to see in the dark.
• when can is unsuitable. Because can has only present and past forms, we use be
able to for other tenses, and infinitive form. I haven't been able to finish my project.
We hope to be able to visit you next month.
Obligation: have to / has to
The forms follow have: I have to, he / she has to etc; do I have to, does she have to; I
don't have to etc.
Use have to / has to
• to describe what is necessary, a rule, or something we do because other people tell
us to.
Baby birds have to learn how to fly or they won 't survive.
Do we have to buy another ticket to see this part of the castle?
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