Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 105 стр.

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3. Complex Sentences
Complex sentences are structures of subordination with two or more
immediate constituents which are not syntactically equivalent. In the simplest case,
that of binary structure, one of them is the principal clause to which the other is
joined as a subordinate. The latter stands in the relation of adjunct to the principal
clause and is beneath the principal clause in rank.
The semantic relations that can be expressed by subordination are much
more numerous and more varied than with co-ordination: all such relations as time,
place, concession, purpose, etc. are expressly stated in complex sentences only.
To express subordination of one syntactic unit to another in a complex
sentence English uses the following means: conjunctions: when, after, before,
while, till, until, though, although, that, as, because; a number of fixed phrases
performing the same function: as soon as, as long as, so long as, notwithstanding
that, in order that, according as, etc.; conjunctive words: the relative pronouns
who, which, that, whoever, whatever, whichever, and the relative adverbs
where,
how, whenever, wherever, however, why, etc.
In complex sentences, traditionally, the main and the subordinate clause are
singled out. There can be different approaches to classifying subordinate clauses.
One is based on the correlation of subordinate clauses to sentence members. Here
subjective, predicative, objective, attributive and adverbial clauses are
differentiated. According to correlation of subordinate clauses to parts of speech,
the following types of subordinate clauses are identified: substantive (the
subjective, predicative and objective clauses in the preceding classification),
adverbial and adjectival (attributive). There is a certain correlation between the two
classifications, which is quite expected since there is a certain connection between
a word’s belonging to a part of speech and its syntactic functions.
The following types of subordinate clauses are usually differentiated based
on the semantic relations between the principal and the subordinate clause:
1. Subject and Predicate Clauses:

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