Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 4 стр.

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Grammatical forms can be morphemes, synthetic forms, and grammatical

word combinations, which are analytical forms. Synthetic forms unite both lexical

and grammatical meanings in one word. In analytical forms there two or more

words in which at least one element is an auxiliary. The auxiliary is a constant

element of an analytical structure, which is devoid of lexical meaning (it renders

grammatical meanings and is a purely grammatical element). Analytical structures

must be differentiated from free syntactical word combinations. In free syntactical

word combinations all the elements possess both lexical and grammatical

meanings.

Cf. waiter and waitress

The distinctions of gender in Russian are universal. They refer to all the

vocabulary of the language. In English this distinction is not a grammatical

phenomenon. The grammatical category of gender is lost. What we have now is

some gender distinctions existing as the remnant of history. The distinction “waiter

vs. waitress” is not universal enough to build up a grammatical category. It does

not possess the level of grammatical abstraction characterized by an unlimited

range of occurrence.

Cf. book and books

-s is a form-building morpheme that builds a grammatical form because it is

characterized by the level of grammatical abstraction realized in an unlimited range

of occurrence.

Types of word-form derivation

These fall under two main headings:

(a) those limited to changes in the body of the word, without having

recourse to auxiliary words (synthetic types),

(b) those implying the use of auxiliary words (analytical types).

Besides, there are a few special cases of different forms of a word

being derived from altogether different stems.