Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 71 стр.

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whatever to do with them. In English, with its almost complete absence of cases,

this difference between prepositions and conjunctions is very much obliterated.

4. The Particle

Particles usually refer to the word (or, sometimes, phrase) immediately

following and give special prominence to the notion expressed by this word (or

phrase), or single it out in some other way, depending on the meaning of the

particle.

The question of the place of a particle in sentence structure remains

unsolved. The following three solutions are possible:

(1) a particle is a separate secondary member of the sentence, which should

be given a special name;

(2) a particle is an element in the part of the sentence which is formed by the

word (or phrase) to which the particle refers (thus the particle may be an element

of the subject, predicate, object, etc.);

(3) a particle neither makes up a special part of the sentence, nor is it an

element in any part of the sentence; it stands outside the structure of the sentence

and must be neglected when analysis of a sentence is given.

Each of these three views entails some difficulties and none of them can be

proved to be the correct one, so that the decision remains arbitrary.

5. The Interjection

Interjections have for a long time been an object of controversy. There has

been some doubt whether they are words of a definite language in the same sense

that nouns, verbs, etc. are, and whether they are not rather involuntary outcries, not

restricted to any given language but common to all human beings as biological

phenomena are.

Modern scholars consider interjections part of the word stock of a language

as much as other types of words. Interjections belonging to a certain language may

contain sounds foreign to other languages. Thus, for instance, the Russian