Лекции по теоретической грамматике английского языка. Тивьяева И.В. - 9 стр.

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In various contextual positions one member of an opposition can be used in
the position of the other. This phenomenon can be referred to as reduction of
oppositions.
eg. US soldier goes to Iraq.
The conference opens next week.
(The weak member replaces the strong one.)
This oppositional reduction is stylistically indifferent. Use of the unmarked
member does not transgress the expressive conventions of ordinary speech. This
kind of oppositional reduction is called neutralization. Another type of
oppositional reduction is called transposition. It is defined as contrastive use of
the counter-member of the opposition (the strong one, as a rule).
eg. She is always finding faults with me.
3. Morpheme. Derivation morphemes and inflection morphemes
Most word-forming morphemes are ambiguous, that is, they do not with
certainty point to any definite part of speech but leave some choice which has
to be decided by other criteria. The morpheme is one of the central notions
of grammatical theory, without which no serious attempt at grammatical
study can be made. Definition of a morpheme is not an easy matter, and it
has been attempted many times by different scholars. Without going into
particulars of the discussions that have taken place, we may briefly define
the morphemes as the smallest meaningful units into which a word form
may be divided.
For instance, if we take the form writers, it can be divided into three
morphemes: (1) writ, expressing the basic lexical meaning of the word, (2) -er-,
expressing the idea of agent performing the action indicated by the root of
the verb, (3) -s, indicating number, that is, showing that more than one
person of the type indicated is meant. Similarly the form advantageously
can be divided into three morphemes: advantage + ous + ly, each with a
special meaning of its own.