ВУЗ:
Составители:
Рубрика:
115
The lack of central authority rendered a systematic study and execution of
sewerage work impossible. As late as 1845 there was no survey of the metropo-
lis adequate as a basis for planning sewers. The sewers in adjoining parishes
were of different elevation so that a junction of them was impracticable.
But the strong feeling that good public health is a valuable municipal asset
and depends largely upon good sewerage was the deciding factor in the growing
popular recognition of the sanitary importance of a good sewerage system.
The first engineer who made a comprehensive study of metropolitan sew-
erage needs, thus described the conditions of London basements and cellars in
1847: "There are hundreds, I may say thousands of houses in this metropolis
which have no drainage whatever and the greater part of them have stinking
overflowing cesspools
. And there are also hundreds of streets, courts and alleys
that have no sewers
." After 2 outbreaks of cholera a royal commission was ap-
pointed to inquire into sanitary improvements of London. In 1855 Parliament
passed an act for the better local management of the metropolis which laid the
basis for the sanitation of London.
In the continent a marked progress in sewerage began in 1842 when a re-
vere fire destroyed the old part of the city of Hamburg. The portion ruined was
the oldest and it was decided to rebuild it according to the modern ideas of con-
venience. As a result Hamburg was the first city which had a complete system-
atic sewerage system throughout built according to modern ideas. The system
proved so well designed and maintained that twenty five years after the sewers
were completed they were found by a committee of experts to be clean and al-
most without odour.
At the present time the problem of good sanitation is closely connected
with that of protecting the purity of natural water reservoirs, since often the
same body of water must serve both as a source of water and as a recipient of
sewage and storm drainage. And it is this dual use of water in nature and within
communities and industrial premises that establishes the most impelling reasons
for water sanitation.
The source of pollution lies largely in the effluents ofindustry, urban life,
agricultural production and transport, the worst pollution being caused by the
chemical industry. Modern agriculture which utilizes huge quantities of chemi-
cal fertilizers also pollutes the ground water and rivers.
Страницы
- « первая
- ‹ предыдущая
- …
- 113
- 114
- 115
- 116
- 117
- …
- следующая ›
- последняя »
