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38
Outside the tropics, houses may be advantageously oriented
towards the sun to take advantage of solar heat gains, which will be
stored in the dense parts of the structure and later released into the
rooms to help offset heat losses to the cool external air during win-
ter. Buildings within the tropical zone require large overhanging
roofs and shutters over the windows to exclude as much solar radia-
tion as possible and to shade the rooms. Thus the building envelope
acts to moderate extremes of climate, and by suitable design of il-
lumination and ventilation openings, together with heating, cooling
and humidity controls, a stable internal environment can be matched
to the use of the building.
Basic needs for human comfort
The building services engineer is involved with every part of
the interface between the building and its occupant. Visually, col-
ours rendered by natural and artificial illumination are produced by com-
binations of decor and windows. The acoustic environment is largely attributed
to the success achieved in producing the required temperatures with quiet ser-
vices equipment, all of which is part of the thermal control and transportation
arrangements. Energy consumption for thermally based systems is the main
concern, and close coordination between client, architect and engineer is vitally
important.
Heat transfer between the human body and its surroundings can be sum-
marized as follows:
Conduction
Points of contact with the structure are made with furniture. Clothing
normally having substantial thermal insulation value and discomfort should be
avoided.
Convection
Heat removed from the body by natural convection currents in the room
air, or fast-moving airstreams produced by ventilation fans or external wind
pressure, is a major source of cooling. The body's response to a cool air envi-
ronment is to restrict blood circulation to the skin to conserve deep tissue tem-
perature, involuntary reflex action (shivering) if necessary and in extreme cases
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