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largely unavailable to animals directly. It must be transmitted to them by
green vegetation through a process known as 3) ____________________. In
this process the 4) ____________________ is transferred through a sub-
stance in the vegetation called chlorophyll (from Greek, chloros, green, and
phyllos, leaf) in the presence of water to become 5) ____________________
and food sugar. Now, animals can receive their energy by eating 6)
____________________ or other animals (who have eaten plants at some
stage). As plants and animals decay, with the help of bacteria and fungi, they
release chemicals in the earth, helping to feed plants.
This circulation makes the earth's basic substances – 7)
________________, 8) ____________________, 9) ____________________
– and others move between the earth's main stratums: air the – 10)
____________________, water – 11) ____________________, soil and
rocks – 12) ___________ and living organisms – 13____________________.
18. You will read the text about ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT. Before you
read find English equivalents for these terms in the text.
Взаимоотношения, взаимодействие, снабжение питательными ве-
ществами, грибы (споры), четкие границы, стоячий, проточный, делить
ресурсы, среда (обитания), пищевые цепи, пищевые сети, водосборный
бассейн, территория без растительного покрова.
THE ECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
The first principle of ecology is that each living organism has an ongo-
ing relationship with every other element that makes up its environment. An
ecosystem can be defined as any situation where there is interaction between
organisms and their environment. The term is generally understood to refer to
all biotic and abiotic components, and their interactions with each other, in
some defined area, with no conceptual restrictions on how large or small that
area can be.
There are two main components of all ecosystems: abiotic and biotic.
Abiotic, or nonliving, components of an ecosystem are its physical and chem-
ical components, for example, rainfall, temperature, sunlight, and nutrient
supplies.
Biotic components of an ecosystem are its living things – fungi, plants,
animals, and microorganisms. Organisms live in populations, groups of the
same species occupying a given region. Populations never live alone in an
ecosystem. They always share resources with others, forming a community
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