Английский для специалистов по защите окружающей среды и безопасности жизнедеятельности. Ульянова О.В. - 40 стр.

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leaves of plants are the primary photosynthetic organs. In aquatic environ-
ments, algae fill this role. Some algae are unicellular, while others are large,
multicellular organisms.
Scientists have calculated that green organisms are not very efficient en-
ergy converters. Only about 2 percent of the Sun’s energy that strikes a plant
or alga is changed to glucose. The glucose made by plants determines how
much energy is available in ecosystems and therefore limits how many ani-
mals can live there.
NPP is not the same in all ecosystems. Factors that affect productivity
include the availability of carbon dioxide, sunlight, and nutrients. Three types
of ecosystems stand out as very high producers: estuaries, saltwater marshes,
and tropical rain forests. The patterns of productivity vary by climate. The
most productive systems are in relatively warm regions that have plenty of
moisture and high levels of nitrogen, an essential nutrient. Less-productive
ecosystems, like the tundra and desert, lack heat energy and water.
Agricultural ecosystems are also very productive because their water
needs can be met with irrigation and their nutrients requirements with fertil-
izers. Since the arrival of humans on Earth, natural ecosystems have under-
gone changes. Humans change forests to pastures and farms to meet their
needs. Humans now control about 40 percent of the terrestrial NPP, a phe-
nomenon known as human appropriation of net primary productivity, or
HANPP. Never in Earth’s history has one species so dominated the use of
space and organisms. The price of this domination is linked to pollution, loss
of other species, and global warming.
31. In your own words, explain the following terms:
• autotrophs;
• food chain;
• photosynthesis;
• stomata;
• primary production;
• cellular respiration;
• herbivores;
• carnivores;
• terrestrial ecosystem;
• aquatic environment;
• fertilizer;
• chlorophyll.
PRESENTATION
32. Prepare a presentation and make a report “BASIC CONCEPTS OF
ECOLOGY”.

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