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strong carbon reduction targets abrupt or irreversible shifts in climate may
occur that will be very difficult for contemporary societies to cope with.
Other human impacts on the atmosphere include the air pollution in
cities, the pollutants including toxic chemicals like nitrogen oxides,
sulphur oxides, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter that
produce photochemical smog and acid rain, and the chlorofluorocarbons
that degrade the ozone layer.
11. Individually choose one of the texts and make a good translation.
Write out new terms into your dictionary.
Oceans
Ocean circulation patterns have a strong influence on climate and
weather and, in turn, the food supply of both humans and other organisms.
Scientists have warned of the possibility, under the influence of climate
change, of a sudden alteration in circulation patterns of ocean currents that
could drastically alter the climate in some regions of the globe. Major human
environmental impacts occur in the more habitable regions of the ocean
fringes. Ten per cent of the world's population – about 600 million people –
live in low-lying areas vulnerable to sea level rise. Trends of concern that
require management include: over-fishing (beyond sustainable levels); coral
bleaching due to ocean warming and ocean acidification due to increasing
levels of dissolved carbon dioxide; and sea level rise due to climate change.
Because of their vastness oceans also act as a convenient dumping ground for
human waste. Remedial strategies include: more careful waste management,
statutory control of overfishing by adoption of sustainable fishing practices
and the use of environmentally sensitive and sustainable aquaculture and fish
farming, reduction of fossil fuel emissions and restoration of coastal and
other marine habitat.
Freshwater
Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. Of this, 97.5% is the salty
water of the oceans and only 2.5% freshwater, most of which is locked up in
the Antarctic ice sheet. The remaining freshwater is found in lakes, rivers,
wetlands, the soil, aquifers and atmosphere. All life depends on the solar-
powered global water cycle, the evaporation from oceans and land to form
water vapor that later condenses from clouds as rain, which then becomes the
renewable part of the freshwater supply. Awareness of the global importance
of preserving water for ecosystem services has only recently emerged as,
during the 20th century, more than half the world’s wetlands have been lost
along with their valuable environmental services. Biodiversity-rich
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