Химический анализ почв. Валовой анализ органической и минеральной частей почвы. Йонко О.А. - 7 стр.

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Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ʋ
ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ,
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ,
ɫɦ
ʋ
ɛɸɤ
ɫɚ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ
ɛɸɤɫɚ,
ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ
ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-
ɫɭɯɨɣ
ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ
ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ
ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ
ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ
ɫɭɯɨɣ
ɩɨɱɜɵ
ɝ
Ɇɚɫɫɚ
ɜɥɚɝɢ,
ɝ
Ƚɢɝɪɨ-
ɫɤɨɩɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɜɥɚɠ-
ɧɨɫɬɶ,
%
ɈɉɊȿȾȿɅȿɇɂȿ ɍȽɅȿɊɈȾȺ ɈɊȽȺɇɂɑȿɋɄɂɏ ɋɈȿȾɂɇȿɇɂɃ.
ɆȿɌɈȾɂɄȺ ɂ.ȼ. ɌɘɊɂɇȺ ȼ ɆɈȾɂɎɂɄȺɐɂɂ
ȼ.ɇ. ɋɂɆȺɄɈȼȺ
ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɫɚɯ ɛɟɪɭɬ
ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɨɬ 0,1 ɞɨ 1 ɝ. ɉɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɟɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ. ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɢɦɟɸɳɚɹ ɱɟɪɧɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ, ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ 7–10 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ, ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ
ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,1 ɝ. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɜ
ɬɟɦɧɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (4–7 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ 0,2 ɝ, ɜ ɫɟɪɵɣ
ɰɜɟɬ (2–4 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ), – ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,3 ɝ, ɜɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɫɟɪɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ (1–2 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) –
ɨɤɨɥɨ 0,4 ɝ, ɚ ɜ ɛɟɥɟɫɵɣ (0,5–1 % ɝɭɦɭɫɚ) – 0,5–1 ɝ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɦɭ: ɤ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɫɦɟɫɶ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɟ Cr
2
O
7
2-
ɞɨ Cr
3+
, ɡɚɬɟɦ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ
ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ FeSO
4.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɫɯɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɪɚɡɢɬɶ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟɦ:
3C+2K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+8H
2
SO
4
=3CO
2
+2Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+2K
2
SO
4
+8H
2
O.
ɂɡɛɵɬɨɤ Cr
2
O
7
2-
ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɨɬɬɢɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
×6H
2
O:
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+6FeSO
4
+7H
2
SO
4
=Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+7H
2
O+K
2
SO
4
.
ɏɨɞ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʌɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɭ ɫ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɨɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ
ɤɨɪɟɲɤɚɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɟɫɬ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɥɨɩɚɬɨɱɤɨɣ,
ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɢ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ
ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 100–150 ɦɥ ɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ
ɜɵɫɵɩɚɸɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɤɨɥɛɵ. ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɤ
ɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɜɡɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɦɚɫɫɭ
ɩɪɨɛɵ. ɉɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɸɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɛɟɪɭɬ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɢɡ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɵ.
ȼ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɫ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɱɜ ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɦ ɤɪɚɧɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 10 ɦɥ 0,4 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ (1:1) ɫɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɫ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ,
ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ ɫɭɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ
Cr
2
O
7
2-
ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ. Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ
7

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