Английский язык. Зайцева И.А. - 15 стр.

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15
Read and translate the text using a dictionary if necessary.
BASIC RAILWAY SIGNALS
Safe operation of freight and passenger trains requires a system of signaling. To inform the locomotive
and train crew of the position of other trains in relation to their own, signals installed at frequent intervals give
indications which are visible both by day and by night. Wayside signals installed along railroad tracks are
called fixed signals.
The semaphore is considered to be the earliest type of the signal. The relative position of the semaphore
arm constituted the signal.
To indicate “stop” a horizontal arm was used. “Proceed” was indicated by vertical arm. To give
restrictive indications the arm was inclined¹ up or down.
Color lights give the indications at night. The semaphore mechanism is equipped with lenses illuminated
by a lamp, so that a red light shows when the semaphore is in the ‘stop’ position, a green light – when the
semaphore is in the ‘proceed’ position, and a yellow light – when the semaphore is in the restrictive position.
The color-light signal sometimes used is known to have semaphore arm and give both day and night indications
by means of red, green and yellow lights. We know some signals to be operated by hand, others to be
automatic.
On some railroads locomotives are known to be equipped with apparatus located in the cab, which gives
a continuous indication² to the engineman identical with that shown by wayside signals.
By cab signals the engine crew is supposed to be always informed of conditions ahead regardless of the
weather which could prevent the driver from seeing wayside signals. Locomotive cab signals are equipped to
give audible warnings whenever the aspect changes to one more restrictive position. A protective device is
installed on some railroads to apply the brakes automatically and bring a train to a stop if, for any reason, a
“stop” signal is passed. It is called automatic train control. The earliest signals were hand-operated, usually by
station employees.
Notes: 1) to incline – наклоняться; 2) continuous indication - непрерывная выдача показаний.
Ex. 10. Choose the correct variant to complete the sentence. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Safe operation of freight and passenger trains requires (a system of signaling, an attractive design,
double-deck coaches). 2. A (semaphore, color light signal, flag) is considered to be the earliest type of railway
signal. 3. The semaphore mechanism is equipped with (glasses, software, lenses). 4. Railway signals can be
operated (manually, automatically, both manually and automatically). 5. Cab signals inform locomotive crews
about (the weather, political news, the state of the track). 6. A protective device is to (apply the brakes
automatically, increase the train speed, increase the volume of freight and passenger traffic).
Ex. 11. These are the answers to questions about the text. Write the questions.
1. A system of signaling.
2. Both by day and night.
3. Fixed signals.
4. Yes, they are. They are the earliest type of signals.
5. A horizontal arm.
6. When the semaphore is in the ‘stop’ position.
7. When the aspect changes to one more restrictive position.
8. On some railways.
9. It is called ATC.
10. Station employees.
LESSON FIVE
Ex. 1. Practice the reading of the following words and phrases:
comply, cause, accident, eliminate, emergency, obstacle, identify, semi-automatic, continuously, freight,
feature, apply, virtually, prescribed, research;
traffic capacity, trunk route, permissible speed, complete the circuit, consequent indication, approaching
train, appropriate distance, guided radar, double-track lines.

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