Architecture. Зайцева И.В. - 37 стр.

architecture exploits craft skills, using coloured materials, grilles, balconies.
Asymmetrical door – and window – frames, bow and horseshoe windows were also
favoured. In the later phases of Art Nouvean, façade decoration was accompanied by a
powerful treatment of the whole building.

       3.6 Read the text and write the summary of it in Russian

       Text 3 D

                                  Modern Architecture

       Modern architecture is the term universally applied to the style of building,
which evolved a number of countries after the First World War as the International
Style and which has culminated in the current design of glass, concrete and steel based
on module construction presently being erected all over the world.
       In the early 20th century an instinctive desire of architects to break away from
the confusions and contrivances of the 19th century, and their efforts to introduce a style
which responded to new social needs and exploited new materials led to the changed
appearance of buildings; simple rectangular outlines; avoidance of symmetry; absence
of applied ornament; flat roofs and white walls, resulting from the use of reinforced
concrete, now the favorite material; large windows, which new structural techniques
permitted, but which were encouraged also by the spirit of the times, which believed in
opening up the interiors of buildings to light and air.
       The development of the International Style was reinforced by two events: a

series of exhibitions at which architects from different countries saw and were

influenced by each other’s experiments and the formation of international organization

– The Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne – through which ideas could be

exchanged and mutual support enjoyed. The dominant figure in modern architecture of

the time was Le Corbusier whose works became monuments of modern architecture.

       Until the 1930s, Germany was the main center of new architecture because of

the presence there of another unifying institution, the Bauhaus, a college of design,

which became synonymous with modern teaching methods in architecture.

       In the years after 1945 the emphasis was on town–planning and housing. This

was the era of new towns, vast housing estates. In matters of architectural style, if

became less a question of conflict between period revival and modern design than