История письма и чтения. Асафова Г.К. - 127 стр.

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type greatly helped the eventual defeat of black-letter, or Gothic, type. Among the

early French printers were Jean Dupré, a businessman publisher of éditions de luxe

(“luxury editions”), who set up in 1481, and Antoine Vérard, who began printing

in 1485. Vérard was the first to print a Book of Hours, a book containing the

prayers or offices appointed to be said at canonical hours, and his work set a

standard of elegance for French book production. After 1500, when the full force

of the Renaissance began to be felt in France, a brilliant group of scholarly

printers, including Josse Bade, Geoffroy Tory, and the Estienne (Stephanus)

family, who published without a break for five generations (1502–1674), carried

France into the lead in European book production and consolidated the Aldine type

of book–compact, inexpensive, and printed in roman and italic types. The golden

age of French typography is usually placed in the reign of Francis I (1515–47), one

of the few monarchs ever to take a keen personal interest in printing. He was the

patron and friend of Robert Estienne. In 1538 he ordered Estienne to give a copy of

every Greek book he printed to the royal library, thus founding the first copyright

library. In 1539 he laid down a code for printers, which included a prohibition on

the use of any device that could be confused with another. Outside Paris, the only

significant centre of printing in France was Lyon. While Paris was under the

watchful eye of the predominantly Roman Catholic theologians at the Sorbonne,

Lyon was able to publish humanist and Protestant works more freely. Among its

foremost printers were Johann Trechsel and his sons, Melchior and Caspar;

Sebastian Greyff, or Gryphius; and a fine typographer, Robert Granjon. By about

1600, however, religious pressure and the competition of Paris had put an end to

printing in Lyon. Thereafter, the French book trade was based entirely in Paris.

Other continental printers

Other parts of Europe established presses quickly; e.g., Utrecht (1470),

Budapest (1473), and Cracow (1474), in each case through Germans. In Spain the

German connection is particularly evident. The first Spanish press was set up in

1473 at Valencia, where the German trading company of Ravensburg had an