История письма и чтения. Асафова Г.К. - 52 стр.

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the fifth grade (about 10 years of age). By 1966 the criterion of functional literacy

in the United States had been raised to completion of secondary school by the

Adult Education Act passed by Congress in that year.

Using this criterion, some writers have claimed that 25 percent of U.S. adults

are functionally illiterate. Some commentators see in such figures a social problem

of great importance and promote various programs of educational reform intended

to produce higher levels of literacy.

As an alternative to simply identifying levels of literacy with years of

schooling, some scholars have distinguished levels of literacy in another way.

Environmental or lay literacy is the term used to designate that form of

unspecialized competence involved in generally dealing with a literate

environment. Such literacy need never be taught. It is a type of literacy that is

acquired through participating in a literate environment in which written signs,

labels, trademarks, headlines, sports scores, and the like, are ubiquitous.

A literate society is also dependent upon the development of elite literacy, a

high level of literate competence, possessed by a relatively small percentage of the

population, in specialized fields of endeavour such as science, law, or literature.

High levels of literate competence involve learning a somewhat specialized

vocabulary as well as the nuances of meaning that are relevant to lexical choice. It

is estimated that literate people have a reading vocabulary, consisting of words that

are encountered only in reading and writing, that may be more than double the size

of their ordinary speaking vocabulary. In addition to specialized vocabularies, high

levels of literate competence involve knowledge of specialized grammatical

constructions that serve to set out explicitly the logical form of an argument and of

specialized genres or literary forms such as description, explanation and argument.

These specialized skills require many years of formal schooling to be mastered.

VOCABULARY

Assumption n.

Предположение, допущение

Attend v.

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