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1.ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ
ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɧɧɨɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɟ ɭɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɟ
ɛɵɥɨ ɫɞɟɥɚɧɨ ɜ 1834 ɝ. ɲɨɬɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɦ ɭɱɺɧɵɦ ɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɨɦ
ɋɤɨɬɬɨɦ Ɋɚɫɫɟɥɨɦ. ɋɩɭɫɬɹ 61 ɝɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɝɨɥɥɚɧɞɰɚ — Ʉɨɪɬɟɜɟɝ ɢ
ɞɟ ȼɪɢɡ — ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɜɨɺ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɨɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɯ
ɜɨɥɧ ɧɚ ɦɟɥɤɨɣ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɥɢɬɨɧɚ. ɋɚɦ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧ “ɫɨɥɢɬɨɧ” (ɨɬ ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ solitary wave — ɭɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɚɹ
ɜɨɥɧɚ) ɜɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ Ɂɚɛɭɫɤɢ ɢ Ʉɪɭɫɤɚɥɚ
(1965 ɝ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɢɫɶ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɹ Ʉɨɪɬɟɜɟɝɚ-ɞɟ-ȼɪɢɡɚ (Ʉɞȼ) ɫ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ
ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ. Ʉ ɬɨɦɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɭɠɟ ɫɬɚɥɨ
ɹɫɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɭɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɚɹ ɜɨɥɧɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɚɠɧɵɦ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɦ ɬɢɩɨɦ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.
Ɉɫɨɛɵɣ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɤ ɫɨɥɢɬɨɧɚɦ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ
ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɷɬɨ ɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɫɥɭɱɚɣ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɣ ɜɨɥɧɵ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ
ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ
ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ȼɚɠɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ
ɬɨɬ ɮɚɤɬ, ɱɬɨ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɟ ɜɨɡɦɭɳɟɧɢɹ ɜ
ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɧɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ
ɫɨɥɢɬɨɧɨɩɨɞɨɛɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ.
ɋ ɦɚɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɜ ɫɨɥɢɬɨɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɚ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɺɧɧɵɦɢ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ Ʉɞȼ, sin-Ƚɨɪɞɨɧɚ, Ȼɭɫɫɢɧɟɫɤɚ,
ɏɢɪɨɬɵ, ɒɪɟɞɢɧɝɟɪɚ ɢ ɞɪ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ
ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɣ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ
ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɫɫɟɹɧɢɹ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ
ɢɡɭɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɟɞɢɧɺɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɧɵ ɜ ɩɥɚɡɦɟ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɚɯ. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɟ ɩɨɥɟ ɜ
ɧɟɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɣ ɞɢɫɩɟɪɫɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɠɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ
ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɫɨɥɢɬɨɧɨɜ.
