RENDERING. Богатова С.М - 19 стр.

       The problem stems from the inflation of recent years. [explain-            1 announcement                  → strong attack from opposition
ing the direct origin of events and states]                                       2 new Act of Parliament         → great changes in industry
       The court-case arose from / out of allegations made in a news-             3 signal failure                ← train crash
paper. [the allegations started the process that led to the court-case]           4 violent storm                 → wall collapsed
                                                                                  5 food shortages                → serious riots in several cities
                                  ***
       The following sentences are all fairly formal for expressing rea-          6 food shortages                ← bad economic policies
sons for and purposes of doing things.
       I wonder what his motives were in sending that letter? [purpose]          EXERCISE 2. Make two sentences into one, using the ‘rea-
       I wonder what prompted him to send that letter? [reason/cause]      son and purpose’ words in brackets.
       She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal.
                                                                                 EXAMPLE There was a controversial decision. She wrote to
[purpose]
                                                                           the local newspaper to protest. (prompt) The controversial decision
       I’ve invited you here with a view to resolving our differences.
                                                                           prompted her to write to the local newspaper to protest.
[sounds a bit more indirect than with the aim of]
       He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t                1 I didn’t contact you. I’d lost your phone number. (reason)
there. [reason]                                                                  2 I will not sign. This contract is illegal. (grounds)
       The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment.                    3 The government passed a new law. It was on order to control
                                                                                   prices. (aim)
                                    ***                                          4 She sent everyone flowers. I wonder why? (motives)
       Here are some expressions to talk about results, most of them are         5 The salary was high. She applied for the job. (prompt)
fairly formal.
       He did no work. As a result /As a consequence / Consequently,             Text-referring words
he failed his exams.
                                                                                  Text-referring words take their meaning from the surrounding
       The result / consequence of all these changes is that no-one is
happy any more. [The examples with consequence/consequently                text. For example, this sentence in isolation does not mean much:
sound more formal than result]                                                    We decided to look at the problem again and try to find the solu-
       His remarks resulted in everyone getting angry. [verb + in]         tion.
       The events had an outcome that no-one could have predicted.                What problem? The words problem and solution help organise
[results of a process or events, or of meetings, discussions, etc.]        the argument of the text, but they do not tell us the topic of the text.
       The upshot of all these problems was that we had to start again.    They refer to something somewhere else.
[less formal than outcome]                                                        Here are some examples. The word in bold refers to the under-
       When the election results were announced, chaos ensued. [very       lined words.
formal]                                                                           Pollution is increasing. The problem is getting worse each day.
                                                                                  Should taxes be raised or lowered? This was the biggest issue in
     EXERCISE 1. Make full sentences using ‘cause and reason               the election. [topic causing great argument and controversy]
words’                                                                            Whether the war should have been avoided is a question that in-
                                                                           terests historians.
      EXAMPLE closure of 20 mines → strikes in coal industry The                  Let’s discuss crime. That’s always an interesting topic. [subject
closure of 20 mines sparked (off) a lot of strikes in the coal industry.   to argue about or discuss, e.g. in a debate or in an essay]
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