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days before the day of the elections. The same deadline applies to notices of
electoral alliances or joint lists. The relevant DEC checks whether the list of
candidates fulfils the legal requirements, in particular those referred to
eligibility, and confirms the nomination of candidates no later than 31 days
before the day of the elections. Additionally, DECs compile combined lists of
candidates including data concerning name, municipality of residence and title,
profession or position. The combined lists of candidates are displayed in the
polling booths.
Elections are direct, secret and proportional (d‘Hondt system). Electoral
lists are open (the election of candidates from the party list is not predetermined,
but depends entirely on the number of individual votes cast for each candidate),
and electors cast a ballot for a particular candidate in a list rather than for a
party. As a result, the Finnish system is strongly candidate centred.
There is no election threshold. However, as many electoral districts have
lost population in recent decades, some now elect as few as six representatives,
which in turn creates a “hidden election threshold“ in those districts, favouring
major parties. Moreover, as the d'Hondt formula of allocating seats favours large
parties, small parties may form electoral alliances and constituency associations
may form joint lists to accrue their chances of being elected.
The Ministry of Justice acts as the supreme electoral authority. At local
level it is supported by 15 District Election Committees and 416 Municipal
Election Committees.
TEXT 51
Distinctions between Public Administration and Private Action
Activities such as traffic control, fire-protection services, policing, smoke
abatement, the construction or repair of highways, the provision of currency,
town and country planning, and the collection of customs and excise duties are
usually carried out by governments, whose executive organs are assumed to rep-
resent the collective will of the community and to be acting for the common
good. It is for this reason that they are given powers not normally conferred on
private persons. They may be authorized to infringe citizens’ property rights and
restrict their freedom of action in many different ways, ranging from the quaran-
tining of infectious persons to the instituting of criminal proceedings for non-
payment of taxes. Again, a public authority involved in slum clearance or hous-
ing construction tends to be in a much stronger legal position than a private de-
veloper.
The result of the distinction between public administration and private ac-
tion is that administrative law is quite different from private law regulating the
actions, interests and obligations of private persons. Civil servants do not gener-
ally serve under a contract of employment but have a special status. Taxes are
days before the day of the elections. The same deadline applies to notices of
electoral alliances or joint lists. The relevant DEC checks whether the list of
candidates fulfils the legal requirements, in particular those referred to
eligibility, and confirms the nomination of candidates no later than 31 days
before the day of the elections. Additionally, DECs compile combined lists of
candidates including data concerning name, municipality of residence and title,
profession or position. The combined lists of candidates are displayed in the
polling booths.
Elections are direct, secret and proportional (dHondt system). Electoral
lists are open (the election of candidates from the party list is not predetermined,
but depends entirely on the number of individual votes cast for each candidate),
and electors cast a ballot for a particular candidate in a list rather than for a
party. As a result, the Finnish system is strongly candidate centred.
There is no election threshold. However, as many electoral districts have
lost population in recent decades, some now elect as few as six representatives,
which in turn creates a hidden election threshold in those districts, favouring
major parties. Moreover, as the d'Hondt formula of allocating seats favours large
parties, small parties may form electoral alliances and constituency associations
may form joint lists to accrue their chances of being elected.
The Ministry of Justice acts as the supreme electoral authority. At local
level it is supported by 15 District Election Committees and 416 Municipal
Election Committees.
TEXT 51
Distinctions between Public Administration and Private Action
Activities such as traffic control, fire-protection services, policing, smoke
abatement, the construction or repair of highways, the provision of currency,
town and country planning, and the collection of customs and excise duties are
usually carried out by governments, whose executive organs are assumed to rep-
resent the collective will of the community and to be acting for the common
good. It is for this reason that they are given powers not normally conferred on
private persons. They may be authorized to infringe citizens property rights and
restrict their freedom of action in many different ways, ranging from the quaran-
tining of infectious persons to the instituting of criminal proceedings for non-
payment of taxes. Again, a public authority involved in slum clearance or hous-
ing construction tends to be in a much stronger legal position than a private de-
veloper.
The result of the distinction between public administration and private ac-
tion is that administrative law is quite different from private law regulating the
actions, interests and obligations of private persons. Civil servants do not gener-
ally serve under a contract of employment but have a special status. Taxes are
83
