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84
not debts, nor are they governed by the law relating to the recovery of debts by
private persons. In addition, relations between one executive organ and another,
and between an executive organ and the public, are usually regulated by com-
pulsory or permissive powers conferred upon the executive organs by the legis-
lature.
The law regulating the internal aspects of administration (e.g., relations
between the government and its officials, a local authority and its committees, or
a central department and a local authority) differs from that covering external
relations (those between the administration and private persons or interests). In
practice, internal and external aspects are often linked, and legal provisions of
both kinds exist side by side in the same statute. Thus, a law dealing with educa-
tion may modify the administrative organization of the education service and
also regulate the relations between parents and the school authorities.
Another distinction exists between a command addressed by legislation to
the citizen, requiring him to act or to refrain from acting in a certain way, and a
direction addressed to the administrative authorities. When an administrative act
takes the form of an unconditional command addressed to the citizen, a fine or
penalty is usually attached for failure to comply. In some countries the enforce-
ment is entrusted to the criminal courts, which can review the administrative act;
in others the administrative act itself must be challenged in an administrative
court.
not debts, nor are they governed by the law relating to the recovery of debts by
private persons. In addition, relations between one executive organ and another,
and between an executive organ and the public, are usually regulated by com-
pulsory or permissive powers conferred upon the executive organs by the legis-
lature.
The law regulating the internal aspects of administration (e.g., relations
between the government and its officials, a local authority and its committees, or
a central department and a local authority) differs from that covering external
relations (those between the administration and private persons or interests). In
practice, internal and external aspects are often linked, and legal provisions of
both kinds exist side by side in the same statute. Thus, a law dealing with educa-
tion may modify the administrative organization of the education service and
also regulate the relations between parents and the school authorities.
Another distinction exists between a command addressed by legislation to
the citizen, requiring him to act or to refrain from acting in a certain way, and a
direction addressed to the administrative authorities. When an administrative act
takes the form of an unconditional command addressed to the citizen, a fine or
penalty is usually attached for failure to comply. In some countries the enforce-
ment is entrusted to the criminal courts, which can review the administrative act;
in others the administrative act itself must be challenged in an administrative
court.
84
