Техническое чтение для энергетиков. Бухарова Г.П. - 77 стр.

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79
Newcomen machines were the only practical steam-engines from the early to
the late eighteenth century; a few improvements were made in Scotland. One of the
largest Newcomen engines went to Russia in 1775 to pump out the dry docks at
Kronstadt.
MICHAEL FARADAY
Faraday (1791 – 1867) was one of the ten children of a blacksmith, who moved
with his family to London. It is a rare labouring family with ten children that is rich,
so there was no question of an education for young Faraday and he was apprenticed
to a bookbinder.
This, as it happened, was a stroke of luck, for lie could read books there.
Faraday's second stroke of luck was that his employer was sympathetic to the young
man's desire for learning and allowed him to read books and to attend scientific
lectures.
In 1812 a customer gave Faraday tickets to attend the lectures of Humphry
Davy at the Royal Institution. Young Faraday took careful notes which he further
elaborated with coloured diagrams and these he sent to the president of the Royal
Society in the hope of getting a job that would bring him into closer contact with
science. Getting no answer he sent others to Davy himself along with an application
for a job as his assistant. Davy was enormously impressed by the clear ability of the
youngster. When an opening as his assistant occured, he offered the young man the
job. Faraday took it in 1813, at the age of twenty-two – at a salary that was smaller
than the one he had been earning as a bookbinder. Almost at once Davy left for his
grand tour of Europe and look Faraday with him as a secretary.
Faraday became director of a laboratory in 1825, and in 1833 the one-time
bookbinder's apprentice became professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution.
In chemistry Faraday made his first mark in 1823, when he devised methods
for liquefying gases under pressure. He was the first to produce temperatures in the
laboratory that were below the zero mark of the Fahrenheit scale. He may just be
viewed as a pioneer in the modern branch of physics called cryogenics (the study of
extreme cold).
In 1825 occured his greatest single contribution to organic chemistry. He
discovered benzene, a compound that was to piny a key role in the development of a
means of representing molecular structure.
In 1833–1834 Faraday further reduced the matter of
5
electrolysis to
quantitative terms by announcing what are now called Faraday's laws of electrolysis.
Faraday's laws put electrochemistry on its modern basis. In his honour the quantity of
electricity required to liberate 23 grams of sodium, or 108 grams of silver or 32
grams of copper (that is, to liberate an "equivalent weight" of an element) is called a
farad. Also, the unit of electrostatic capacitance is the farad, in his honour.
In later years Faraday made more discoveries in connection with
electromagnetism and its interaction with light.
When he was eventually offered the presidency of the Society by Tyndall,

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