Техническое чтение для энергетиков. Бухарова Г.П. - 79 стр.

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81
One large ball was observed to hang near the base of a cloud for 15 minutes. The
calculated surface temperature of a lightning ball can be as high as 5,000°C. When
the ball decays, a great amount of energy is released.
The Soviet physicist Pyotr Kapitsa was the first to present a reasonable
explanation for the majority of the questions in a hypothesis for ball lightning. His
ideas on the energy balance, on the importance of resonance phenomena, and on the
fixed dimensions of "ball lightning are, well known. The theory put forward by him
in 1955 starts with the description of a powerful flash of lightning at the end of a
thunderstorm. It paves the way for the appearance of ball lightning at sufficient
ionization of the air and the presence of vapours necessary for ionization of the rising
current of air. The ionized clouds of plasma are composed of the atomic nuclei of gas
stripped of their electrons. These nuclei possess their own 'periods of electromagnetic
oscillations and are able to absorb the incoming external electromagnetic energy of
the same period. This is known as the resonance effect.
Details of Kapitsa's hypothesis include the reasoning that during the
luminescence period, some energy is supplied continuously into the ball lightning and
the energy source is outside the ball. This reasoning is based on the conservation of
energy principle and on the realization that the ball lightning is suspended in the air
with no visible link with the energy source* Thus the only source of energy is the
absorption of intense outside radio waves. The resonance characteristic of the
absorption process is determined by the form of the ball lightning alone and by its
dimensions. For effective absorption of radio waves by the lightning ball, the natural
frequence of the electromagnetic oscillations within the ball, must coincide with the
natural period of the absorbed radiation.
As to academician Kapitsa, his field of interests was not limited by high
temperatures alone. In 1978 he was given a Noble prize for his fundamental
discoveries and inventions in the field of low temperatures and superconductivity.
EDISON'S LIGHTING SYSTEM
It was only in the last quarter of the nineteenth century that electricity began to
play its part in modern civilization, and the man who achieved more in this field of
practical engineering than any of his contemporaries was the American inventor,
Thomas Alva Edison. His dramatic career is too well known, and has been described
too often, to be told again; it may suffice to recall that he became interested in the
problem of electric lighting in 1877, and began to tackle it with the systematic energy
which distinguished him from so many other inventors of his time. Edison was no
scientist and never bothered much about theories and fundamental laws of Nature; he
was a technician pure and simple, and a very good business man as well.
He knew what had been done in the field of electric lighting before his time,
and he had seen some appliances of his contemporaries, such as the arc-lamp
illuminations which had been installed here and there. Two sticks of carbon, nearly
touching, can be made to produce an electric arc which closes the circuit. Many
scientists and inventors who tried to tackle the problem were therefore convinced that

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