ВУЗ:
Составители:
Рубрика:
– 3 –
ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÎÁÎÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈß ..........................................................5
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ .........................................................................................6
1. ÏÎÍßÒÈÅ Î ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÈ È ÌÎÄÅËßÕ
 ÃÅÎÕÈÌÈÈ ..............................................................................13
2. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈß ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ
ÒÅÐÌÎÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÈ ...................................................................17
2.1. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ è îïðåäåëåíèÿ .......................................17
2.2. Îñíîâíûå çàêîíû òåðìîäèíàìèêè .......................................26
2.3. Èñïîëüçóåìûå âåëè÷èíû
è ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûå óðàâíåíèÿ ............................................29
2.4. Ïîëåçíûå ôîðìàëüíûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ..................................35
2.5. Òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêèå ïîòåíöèàëû,
ôèçè÷åñêèå êîíñòàíòû, åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ,
îáîçíà÷åíèÿ, ñòàíäàðòíûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ ..................................36
3. ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÐÀÑ×ÅÒÀ
ÔÈÇÈÊÎ-ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÐÀÂÍÎÂÅÑÈÉ
 ÑËÎÆÍÛÕ ÌÍÎÃÎÔÀÇÍÛÕ
ÃÅÒÅÐÎÃÅÍÍÛÕ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÕ .................................................38
3.1. Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ìåòîäîâ
ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ..................................38
3.2. Ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå è ýêñïåðèìåíò ..........49
3.3. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå è òåîðåòè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû
ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ â ãåîõèìèè ..............50
3.4. Ìèíèìèçàöèÿ ýíåðãèè Ãèááñà .............................................52
3.5. Îòêðûòûå è çàêðûòûå ñèñòåìû ïî Ä.Ñ. Êîðæèíñêîìó ......56
3.6. Ïðèíöèï ÷àñòè÷íîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ è àëãîðèòì ðàñ÷åòà
íåîáðàòèìîé ýâîëþöèè ãåîõèìè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì .................64
3.7. Îáðàòíûå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå çàäà÷è
â ãåîõèìèè è ïåòðîëîãèè ......................................................69
–3–
ÎÃËÀÂËÅÍÈÅ
ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÎÁÎÇÍÀ×ÅÍÈß ..........................................................5
ÂÂÅÄÅÍÈÅ .........................................................................................6
1. ÏÎÍßÒÈÅ Î ÌÎÄÅËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÈ È ÌÎÄÅËßÕ
 ÃÅÎÕÈÌÈÈ ..............................................................................13
2. ÎÑÍÎÂÍÛÅ ÏÎËÎÆÅÍÈß ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÎÉ
ÒÅÐÌÎÄÈÍÀÌÈÊÈ ...................................................................17
2.1. Îñíîâíûå ïîíÿòèÿ è îïðåäåëåíèÿ .......................................17
2.2. Îñíîâíûå çàêîíû òåðìîäèíàìèêè .......................................26
2.3. Èñïîëüçóåìûå âåëè÷èíû
è ôóíäàìåíòàëüíûå óðàâíåíèÿ ............................................29
2.4. Ïîëåçíûå ôîðìàëüíûå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ ..................................35
2.5. Òåðìîäèíàìè÷åñêèå ïîòåíöèàëû,
ôèçè÷åñêèå êîíñòàíòû, åäèíèöû èçìåðåíèÿ,
îáîçíà÷åíèÿ, ñòàíäàðòíûå ñîñòîÿíèÿ ..................................36
3. ÒÅÎÐÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÎÑÍÎÂÛ ÐÀÑ×ÅÒÀ
ÔÈÇÈÊÎ-ÕÈÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÐÀÂÍÎÂÅÑÈÉ
 ÑËÎÆÍÛÕ ÌÍÎÃÎÔÀÇÍÛÕ
ÃÅÒÅÐÎÃÅÍÍÛÕ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÀÕ .................................................38
3.1. Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ìåòîäîâ
ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ ..................................38
3.2. Ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîå ìîäåëèðîâàíèå è ýêñïåðèìåíò ..........49
3.3. Ìåòîäè÷åñêèå è òåîðåòè÷åñêèå âîïðîñû
ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêîãî ìîäåëèðîâàíèÿ â ãåîõèìèè ..............50
3.4. Ìèíèìèçàöèÿ ýíåðãèè Ãèááñà .............................................52
3.5. Îòêðûòûå è çàêðûòûå ñèñòåìû ïî Ä.Ñ. Êîðæèíñêîìó ......56
3.6. Ïðèíöèï ÷àñòè÷íîãî ðàâíîâåñèÿ è àëãîðèòì ðàñ÷åòà
íåîáðàòèìîé ýâîëþöèè ãåîõèìè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì .................64
3.7. Îáðàòíûå ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèå çàäà÷è
â ãåîõèìèè è ïåòðîëîãèè ......................................................69
