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3
ɉɍɋɄɈȼɕȿ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ȽɌȾ
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɪɨɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ.
1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ȽɌȾ
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȽɌȾ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ:
– ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɭ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫ-
ɩɟɱɢɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ;
– ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ;
– ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ;
– ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ
ɥɨɩɚɬɨɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫɬɜɨɪɤɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ȽɌȾ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɬɤɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɩɨ-
ɥɟɬɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ.
Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ȽɌȾ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ-
ɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ (ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ), ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȽɌȾ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɭɫɤɨɜɭɸ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫ-
ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɭɫ
-
ɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɛɨɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɤ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ-
ɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɭɫɤɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
3
ɉɍɋɄɈȼɕȿ ɋɂɋɌȿɆɕ ȽɌȾ
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɨ-
ɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ.
Ɋɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɪɨɬɨɪɚ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɢ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɨ.
1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ȽɌȾ
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȽɌȾ – ɷɬɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɛɨɪɨɜ ɢ
ɫɨɟɞɢɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢɣ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɢɬɶ:
– ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɭ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɨɛɟɫ-
ɩɟɱɢɬ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ;
– ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ;
– ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ;
– ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɪɹɞɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ
ɥɨɩɚɬɨɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫɬɜɨɪɤɚɦɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɥɚ ɢ ɞɪ.).
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɭɸ
ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ȽɌȾ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɟɡɨɬɤɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɩɨ-
ɥɟɬɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ.
Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ȽɌȾ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
ɫɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɟɣ ɨɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ. ɇɚɞɟɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚ-
ɩɭɫɤɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ
ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ (ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ), ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɸɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȽɌȾ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶ-
ɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɭɫɤɨɜɭɸ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫ-
ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɹɯ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɩɢɬɤɢ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦɭ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɦ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚ.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɤɪɭɬɤɢ ɪɨɬɨɪɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɭɫ-
ɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ, ɛɨɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ, ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɢ ɞɨɡɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɤ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ, ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢ-
ɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚɩɭɫɤ ɫɚɦɨɝɨ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. ɉɭɫɤɨɜɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
