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3
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ȽɌȾ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ.
1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ȽɌȾ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɪɬɚɯ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɤ ɟɝɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ:
– ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ;
– ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɵɥ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ;
– ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ;
– ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ
ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ;
– ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ȽɌȾ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɤɨɣ
ɧɟɮɬɢ
. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɪɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɵ Ɍ-1, Ɍɋ-1, Ɍ-2, Ɍ-6, Ɍ-7, Ɍ-
10, ɊɌ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 300…400 ɤɝ/ɱɞɨ 10000…30000 ɤɝ/ɱ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 15 Ɇɉɚ.
2. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɢ ȽɌȾ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ (ɨɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ) ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ȽɌȾ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȽɌȾ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɭɸ
,
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɢ ɮɨɪɫɚɠɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɌɊȾɎ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 1.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ɏɨɪɫɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɫɚɠɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɫɚɠɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
3
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ȽɌȾ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ
ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ.
1. Ɉɛɳɢɟ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ȽɌȾ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɨɪɬɚɯ
ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɯ ɤ ɟɝɨ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɜɨɞɵ. Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ:
– ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɹɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ;
– ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɵɥ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ;
– ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ
ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ;
– ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ
ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɢɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ;
– ɡɚɞɚɧɧɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ.
ȼ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ȽɌȾ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɟ ɩɪɹɦɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɤɨɣ
ɧɟɮɬɢ. ɂɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɢɛɪɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ ɤɟɪɨɫɢɧɵ Ɍ-1, Ɍɋ-1, Ɍ-2, Ɍ-6, Ɍ-7, Ɍ-
10, ɊɌ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɭɞɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ
ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ
ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 300…400 ɤɝ/ɱ ɞɨ 10000…30000 ɤɝ/ɱ. Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ,
ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɮɨɪɫɭɧɤɢ ɢ
ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɵɥɚ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɬ 3 ɞɨ 15 Ɇɉɚ.
2. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɢ ȽɌȾ
ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɥɟɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ (ɨɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɯ ɛɚɤɨɜ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɤɚɱɢɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ) ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ȽɌȾ.
ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ȽɌȾ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɭɸ,
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɢ ɮɨɪɫɚɠɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ.
ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɌɊȾɎ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ
ɪɢɫ. 1.
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ
ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
Ɏɨɪɫɚɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɜ ɮɨɪɫɚɠɧɭɸ ɤɚɦɟɪɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɮɨɪɫɚɠɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
