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73
IV.
By convention, the political party with the most elected members in
the House of Commons will take the leading role in forming the govern-
ment. If it has a majority of seats (151), then it automatically forms a ma-
jority government. If it has fewer than 151 seats, the leading party will seek
the cooperation of other parties. The leader of this party becomes the Prime
Minister. The party with the second highest number of seats usually be-
comes the Official Opposition. Its leader becomes the Leader of the Oppo-
sition. Since the federal election of 2 June 1997, there are five official par-
ties in the House of Commons.
The Prime Minister chooses a Cabinet from members of the leading
party in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister and Cabinet must
maintain the confidence of the House of Commons, a practice known as
'responsible government'.
Each member of Cabinet is responsible for the management of cer-
tain aspects of the federal government. To this end, most Cabinet members
oversee the operations of one or more federal departments or agencies. The
most senior officials in departments are called Deputy Ministers. They are
not elected, and are, generally career public servants, directly responsible to
the Cabinet Minister.
V.
According to the practice of their federal counterparts, each provin-
cial government is drawn from the elected members of the provincial as-
sembly. The provincial leader, however, is called the Premier.
The provincial legislatures do not have a Senate. In order for provin-
cial legislation to become law, it needs approval of the provincial assembly
and the Queen's provincial representative, the Lieutenant Governor.
VI.
The territories are not sovereign units. Their powers are delegated by
Parliament, and thus they are subordinate bodies. The territories also have
elected assemblies that follow many of the same practices as the provincial
and federal governments.
VII.
Local governments are elected regularly to manage municipalities,
cities, towns and regions. Local governments do not have constitutional
powers, but rather have functions delegated to them by other levels of gov-
ernment. Mayors, councillors and school board officials, for example, are
74
elected to their positions directly. Usually, they do not formally represent
political parties.
VIII.
In accordance largely with the Constitution Act of 1867, the federal
government handles such matters as: defence, criminal law, banking, postal
system, foreign relations. The federal government is also involved in many
other areas including transportation, communication, immigration, health,
and environmental matters.
Provincial governments are constitutionally responsible for such
matters as: civil justice, property, municipal institutions. In practice, the
provinces share responsibility with the federal government for such matters
as: health services, agriculture, immigration, social assistance, transporta-
tion.
Local governments are responsible for services within a city or re-
gion including: schools, police and fire protection, water and sewage ser-
vices, recreation, local public transportation.
IX.
By law, federal and provincial elections must be held at least every
five years, although they can be called earlier. If a minority government has
a bill defeated in the House of Commons, an election must take place. In all
cases, the decision to call an election is taken by the Prime Minister. All
voting is by secret ballot. At the local levels of government, elections are
usually held every two or three years.
X.
To vote in a federal election, you must be a Canadian citizen and at
least 18 years old. For provincial or municipal elections, the age and citi-
zenship requirements may vary.
XI.
All individuals and organizations in Canada, including Parliament,
are bound by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. All individuals
and organizations are also bound by the laws of Parliament. Law enforce-
ment agencies throughout the country, including the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police, have the responsibility of ensuring universal compliance
with the laws of Parliament.
IV. elected to their positions directly. Usually, they do not formally represent By convention, the political party with the most elected members in political parties. the House of Commons will take the leading role in forming the govern- ment. If it has a majority of seats (151), then it automatically forms a ma- VIII. jority government. If it has fewer than 151 seats, the leading party will seek In accordance largely with the Constitution Act of 1867, the federal the cooperation of other parties. The leader of this party becomes the Prime government handles such matters as: defence, criminal law, banking, postal Minister. The party with the second highest number of seats usually be- system, foreign relations. The federal government is also involved in many comes the Official Opposition. Its leader becomes the Leader of the Oppo- other areas including transportation, communication, immigration, health, sition. Since the federal election of 2 June 1997, there are five official par- and environmental matters. ties in the House of Commons. Provincial governments are constitutionally responsible for such The Prime Minister chooses a Cabinet from members of the leading matters as: civil justice, property, municipal institutions. In practice, the party in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister and Cabinet must provinces share responsibility with the federal government for such matters maintain the confidence of the House of Commons, a practice known as as: health services, agriculture, immigration, social assistance, transporta- 'responsible government'. tion. Each member of Cabinet is responsible for the management of cer- Local governments are responsible for services within a city or re- tain aspects of the federal government. To this end, most Cabinet members gion including: schools, police and fire protection, water and sewage ser- oversee the operations of one or more federal departments or agencies. The vices, recreation, local public transportation. most senior officials in departments are called Deputy Ministers. They are IX. not elected, and are, generally career public servants, directly responsible to By law, federal and provincial elections must be held at least every the Cabinet Minister. five years, although they can be called earlier. If a minority government has V. a bill defeated in the House of Commons, an election must take place. In all According to the practice of their federal counterparts, each provin- cases, the decision to call an election is taken by the Prime Minister. All cial government is drawn from the elected members of the provincial as- voting is by secret ballot. At the local levels of government, elections are sembly. The provincial leader, however, is called the Premier. usually held every two or three years. The provincial legislatures do not have a Senate. In order for provin- X. cial legislation to become law, it needs approval of the provincial assembly To vote in a federal election, you must be a Canadian citizen and at and the Queen's provincial representative, the Lieutenant Governor. least 18 years old. For provincial or municipal elections, the age and citi- VI. zenship requirements may vary. The territories are not sovereign units. Their powers are delegated by XI. Parliament, and thus they are subordinate bodies. The territories also have All individuals and organizations in Canada, including Parliament, elected assemblies that follow many of the same practices as the provincial are bound by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. All individuals and federal governments. and organizations are also bound by the laws of Parliament. Law enforce- VII. ment agencies throughout the country, including the Royal Canadian Local governments are elected regularly to manage municipalities, Mounted Police, have the responsibility of ensuring universal compliance cities, towns and regions. Local governments do not have constitutional with the laws of Parliament. powers, but rather have functions delegated to them by other levels of gov- ernment. Mayors, councillors and school board officials, for example, are 73 74
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