Основы измерений. Долгополов В.Т. - 12 стр.

UptoLike

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

F_jahklv ij_^ =hkih^hf - g_h^bgZdh\u_ ]bjb, b g_\_jgu_ \_ku - g_ ^h[jh.
(Ijblqb KhehfhgZ , ]eZ\Z 20, klbo 23).
DZd ijZ\bevgh \a\_kblv gZ g_\_jguo \_kZo?
F_lh^u q_j_^h\Zgby b ih^klZgh\db.
< dZ`^hf ba wlbo f_lh^h\ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh ijh\h^blky ^\Z baf_j_gby. < f_lh^_
q_j_^h\Zgby \ dZ`^hf ba baf_j_gbc mqZkl\m_l g_ba\_klgZy \_ebqbgZ b (ihqlb) jZ\guc _c
wlZehg. Ihke_ i_j\h]h baf_j_gby g_ba\_klgZy \_ebqbgZ b wlZehg f_gyxlky f_klZfb,
ihke_ q_]h ijh\h^blky \lhjh_ baf_j_gb_. < kmsghklb ,wlbf f_lh^hf ijh\h^blky ijh\_jdZ
kbff_ljbb baf_jbl_evghc kbkl_fu, gZijbf_j, jZ\ghie_qghklv \_kh\.
< f_lh^_ ih^klZgh\db \h \lhjhf baf_j_gbb bkihevamxlky lhevdh wlZehgu. Ihke_
ijh\_^_gby i_j\h]h baf_j_gby nbdkbjm_lky agZq_gb_ bkihevah\Zggh]h \ baf_j_gbb
wlZehgZ b ihdZaZgb_ baf_jbl_evgh]h ijb[hjZ. AZl_f g_ba\_klgZy \_ebqbgZ aZf_gy_lky
^jm]bf wlZehghf, \_ebqbgZ dhlhjh]h ih^[bjZ_lky lZd, qlh[u ^h[blvky lh]h `_ ihdZaZgby
baf_jbl_evgh]h ijb[hjZ. < dZq_kl\_ j_amevlZlZ baf_j_gbc ijb\h^blky \_ebqbgZ \lhjh]h
wlZehgZ. Ykgh, qlh \k_ ih]j_rghklb baf_jbl_evgh]h ijb[hjZ ba j_amevlZlZ \uiZ^Zxl ijb
gZebqbb m ijb[hjZ \ukhdhc qm\kl\bl_evghklb, Z lhqghklv baf_j_gbc hij_^_ey_lky
dZq_kl\hf bkihevah\Zggh]h wlZehgZ. Lhqghklv \_kh\ g_ \eby_l gZ j_amevlZl baf_j_gbc.
Ih\lhjgu_ baf_j_gby.
?keb lhqghklv baf_j_gby bf__l hkh[h_ agZq_gb_, gZijbf_j ijb baf_j_gbb
fbjh\uo dhgklZgl, lh _klv kfuke ijh\h^blv ih\lhjgu_ g_aZ\bkbfu_ baf_j_gby ^jm]bfb
wdki_jbf_glZevgufb ]jmiiZfb b, qlh hkh[_ggh \Z`gh, ^jm]bfb f_lh^Zfb. Ijb wlhf, dZd
ijZ\beh, baf_gy_lky \deZ^ h[km`^Z_fhc gb`_ kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc ih]j_rghklb \ hrb[dm
baf_j_gbc.
I_j_qbke_gb_.
Bgh]^Z m^Z_lky k\_klb baf_j_gb_ nbabq_kdhc \_ebqbgu d ih^kq_lm dZdbo-eb[h
h[t_dlh\, gZijbf_j bfimevkh\. < dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ fh`gh ijb\_klb boaf_j_gb_ qZklhlu,
k ihfhsvx ih^kq_lZ qbkeZ i_jbh^h\ [he__ \ukhdhqZklhlgh]h kb]gZeZ klZ[bevghc
ba\_klghc qZklhlu aZ h^bg beb g_kdhevdh i_jbh^h\ baf_jy_fhc qZklhlu.
AZ^ZqZ. Gvxlhg baf_jbe kdhjhklv a\mdZ oehiZy \ eZ^hrb \ D_f[jb^`_ f_`^m
^\mfy iZjZee_evgh klhy\rbfb a^Zgbyfb. JZkklhygb_ f_`^m a^Zgbyfb [ueh ijbf_jgh 200
f. =^_ hg jZkiheZ]Zeky? KqblZy, qlh m g_]h [ue lhqguc hlkq_l ^h 0.1k_d, hp_gblv
lhqghklv _]h baf_j_gby.
Jbk. 8. B. Gvxlhg. (1643 -1727) b \gmlj_ggbc ^\hjbd Ljbgblb dhee_^`Z \ D_f[jb^`_.
9. KljZl_]by baf_j_gbc.
Kms_kl\m_l g_kdhevdh ijbf_jh\ bkihevah\Zgby baf_jbl_evghc l_ogbdb, \ dhlhjuo
^ey baf_j_gbc bkihevam_lky ki_pbZevgZy kljZl_]by baf_j_gbc. H[uqgh ijh[e_fu
     F_jahklv ij_^ =hkih^hf - g_h^bgZdh\u_ ]bjb, b g_\_jgu_ \_ku - g_ ^h[jh.
(Ijblqb KhehfhgZ , ]eZ\Z 20, klbo 23).
      DZd ijZ\bevgh \a\_kblv gZ g_\_jguo \_kZo?

       F_lh^u q_j_^h\Zgby b ih^klZgh\db.
       < dZ`^hf ba wlbo f_lh^h\ ihke_^h\Zl_evgh ijh\h^blky ^\Z baf_j_gby. < f_lh^_
q_j_^h\Zgby \ dZ`^hf ba baf_j_gbc mqZkl\m_l g_ba\_klgZy \_ebqbgZ b (ihqlb) jZ\guc _c
wlZehg. Ihke_ i_j\h]h baf_j_gby g_ba\_klgZy \_ebqbgZ b wlZehg f_gyxlky f_klZfb,
ihke_ q_]h ijh\h^blky \lhjh_ baf_j_gb_. < kmsghklb ,wlbf f_lh^hf ijh\h^blky ijh\_jdZ
kbff_ljbb baf_jbl_evghc kbkl_fu, gZijbf_j, jZ\ghie_qghklv \_kh\.
       < f_lh^_ ih^klZgh\db \h \lhjhf baf_j_gbb bkihevamxlky lhevdh wlZehgu. Ihke_
ijh\_^_gby i_j\h]h baf_j_gby nbdkbjm_lky agZq_gb_ bkihevah\Zggh]h \ baf_j_gbb
wlZehgZ b ihdZaZgb_ baf_jbl_evgh]h ijb[hjZ. AZl_f g_ba\_klgZy \_ebqbgZ aZf_gy_lky
^jm]bf wlZehghf, \_ebqbgZ dhlhjh]h ih^[bjZ_lky lZd, qlh[u ^h[blvky lh]h `_ ihdZaZgby
baf_jbl_evgh]h ijb[hjZ. < dZq_kl\_ j_amevlZlZ baf_j_gbc ijb\h^blky \_ebqbgZ \lhjh]h
wlZehgZ. Ykgh, qlh \k_ ih]j_rghklb baf_jbl_evgh]h ijb[hjZ ba j_amevlZlZ \uiZ^Zxl ijb
gZebqbb m ijb[hjZ \ukhdhc qm\kl\bl_evghklb, Z lhqghklv baf_j_gbc hij_^_ey_lky
dZq_kl\hf bkihevah\Zggh]h wlZehgZ. Lhqghklv \_kh\ g_ \eby_l gZ j_amevlZl baf_j_gbc.

      Ih\lhjgu_ baf_j_gby.
      ?keb lhqghklv baf_j_gby bf__l hkh[h_ agZq_gb_, gZijbf_j ijb baf_j_gbb
fbjh\uo dhgklZgl, lh _klv kfuke ijh\h^blv ih\lhjgu_ g_aZ\bkbfu_ baf_j_gby ^jm]bfb
wdki_jbf_glZevgufb ]jmiiZfb b, qlh hkh[_ggh \Z`gh, ^jm]bfb f_lh^Zfb. Ijb wlhf, dZd
ijZ\beh, baf_gy_lky \deZ^ h[km`^Z_fhc gb`_ kbkl_fZlbq_kdhc ih]j_rghklb \ hrb[dm
baf_j_gbc.
      I_j_qbke_gb_.
      Bgh]^Z m^Z_lky k\_klb baf_j_gb_ nbabq_kdhc \_ebqbgu d ih^kq_lm dZdbo-eb[h
h[t_dlh\, gZijbf_j bfimevkh\. < dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ fh`gh ijb\_klb boaf_j_gb_ qZklhlu,
k ihfhsvx ih^kq_lZ qbkeZ i_jbh^h\ [he__ \ukhdhqZklhlgh]h kb]gZeZ klZ[bevghc
ba\_klghc qZklhlu aZ h^bg beb g_kdhevdh i_jbh^h\ baf_jy_fhc qZklhlu.

      AZ^ZqZ. Gvxlhg baf_jbe kdhjhklv a\mdZ oehiZy \ eZ^hrb \ D_f[jb^`_ f_`^m
^\mfy iZjZee_evgh klhy\rbfb a^Zgbyfb. JZkklhygb_ f_`^m a^Zgbyfb [ueh ijbf_jgh 200
f. =^_ hg jZkiheZ]Zeky? KqblZy, qlh m g_]h [ue lhqguc hlkq_l ^h 0.1k_d, hp_gblv
lhqghklv _]h baf_j_gby.




 Jbk. 8. B. Gvxlhg. (1643 -1727) b \gmlj_ggbc ^\hjbd Ljbgblb dhee_^`Z \ D_f[jb^`_.

9. KljZl_]by baf_j_gbc.
     Kms_kl\m_l g_kdhevdh ijbf_jh\ bkihevah\Zgby baf_jbl_evghc l_ogbdb, \ dhlhjuo
^ey baf_j_gbc bkihevam_lky ki_pbZevgZy kljZl_]by baf_j_gbc. H[uqgh ijh[e_fu