Основы измерений. Долгополов В.Т. - 17 стр.

UptoLike

Составители: 

Рубрика: 

fbjh\uo bfi_jbc b oZg [ue i_j_bf_gh\Zg \ Qbg]ba oZgZ. Qlh `_ k^_eZeh fhg]hevkdb_
\hckdZ g_m^_j`bfufb \ \_d, dh]^Z \h_\Zeb dhivyfb, klj_eZfb b f_qZfb? Hl\_l:
hldjulb_ ijbgpbiZ j_aZgby b fykguo dhgk_j\h\. GZihfgbf, qlh bagZqZevgh hjm`b_
[ueh dhexsbf b aZsblhc ijhlb\ g_]h kem`beZ fhsgZy [jhgy. H^gZdh, \hbg \ eZlZo b
dhgv \ [jhg_ [ueb f_^e_ggu b fZehih^\b`gu. KZ[ey ijhj_aZeZ eZlu b dhevqm]b, ^_eZy bo
[_kihe_agufb. H^_luc ^ey aZsblu hl klj_e \ dh`m, \kZ^gbd fhg]hevkdhc Zjfbb [ue
ih^\b`_g, kihkh[_g gZ kdZdm klj_eylv ba emdZ b kh\_jrZlv ^ebggu_ [jhkdb. Baf_gbeZkv
lZdlbdZ [hy b kjhdb ^\b`_gby Zjfbc, d q_fm ijhlb\gbdb fhg]heh\ g_ [ueb ]hlh\u.
<u\h^ khklhbl \ lhf, qlh h[eZ^Zxsbc l_ogbq_kdbf ij_bfms_kl\hf kihkh[_g
ih^qbgblv k_[_ b dhgljhebjh\Zlv hklZevguo.
G_qlh ih^h[gh_ gZ[ex^Z_lky b \ kh\j_f_gghf fbj_. <k_ [hevr_ \h_gguo b
]jZ`^Zgkdbo kbkl_f mijZ\ey_lky dhfivxl_jZfb. Ijb wlhf dhgljhev, \ dhg_qghf blh]_,
gZoh^blky m ijhba\h^bl_ey ijhp_kkhjh\. Hg e_]dh fh`_l aZklZ\blv \k_o h[eZ^Zl_e_c
dhfivxl_jh\ \ l_q_gb_ g_kdhevdbo e_l aZf_gblv klZju_ \uqbkebl_evgu_ fZrbgu gZ
gh\u_ ijhklh kf_gb\ dhgnb]mjZpbx gh`_d m gh\uo lbih\ ijhp_kkhjZ.
Ke_^m_l bf_lv \ \b^m _s_ h^gh \Z`gh_ h[klhyl_evkl\h. G_\hafh`gh gZmqblvky
qlh-eb[h ijhba\h^blv lhevdh ih mq_[gbdZf. KljZgZ beb j_]bhg, `_eZxsbc ijhba\h^blv
\ukhdhl_ogheh]bq_kdb_ lh\Zju h[j_q_gZ \deZ^u\Zlv ^_gv]b \ bkke_^h\Zl_evkdmx jZ[hlm,
ihkdhevdm ^ey ijhba\h^kl\Z gm`_g ijZdlbq_kdbc hiul b ih^]hlh\e_ggu_ dZ^ju.
?klv _s_ h^bg aZ[Z\guc \hijhkwlh \hijhk h l_fiZo l_ogbq_kdh]h ijh]j_kkZ. >h
kbo ihj dZ`^h_ ba `b\rbo gZ a_fe_ ihdhe_gbc kqblZeh k\h_ \j_fy \j_f_g_f
fZdkbfZevghc kdhjhklb l_ogbq_kdh]h ijh]j_kkZ. <f_kl_ k l_f djZcg_ ljm^gh km^blv, qlh
y\behkv [he__ \Z`guf b klbfmebjmxsbf ^ey bklhjbb q_eh\_q_kl\Z, bah[j_l_gb_
^\b]Zl_ey \gmlj_gg_]h k]hjZgby b kha^Zgb_ Z\lhfh[bey, beb h^hfZrgb\Zgb_ ehrZ^b b
bah[j_l_gb_ l_e_]b.
12. OZjZdl_jbklbdb baf_jbl_evguo kbkl_f.
Qm\kl\bl_evghklv.
Qm\kl\bl_evghklv ebg_cghc baf_jbl_evghc kbkl_fu hij_^_ey_lky dZd hlghr_gb_
\_ebqbgu \uoh^gh]h kb]gZeZ d \_ebqbg_ \oh^gh]h kb]gZeZ.
S=y/x
< h[s_f kemqZ_ qm\kl\bl_evghklv jZaf_jgZ b aZ\bkbl hl qZklhlu. M mkbebl_e_c
qm\kl\bl_evghklv bf_gmxl _s_ dhwnnbpb_glhf mkbe_gby . < kemqZ_ g_ebg_cguo kbkl_f
ihevamxlky ^bnn_j_gpbZevghc qm\kl\bl_evghklvx
S
diff
(x
0
) = (dy/dx)
x0
<_ebqbgZ, h[jZlgZy qm\kl\bl_evghklb gZau\Z_lky fZkrlZ[guf dhwnnbpb_glhf. <
dZq_kl\_ oZjZdl_jbklbdb g_ebg_cguo kbkl_f bkihevamxl _s_ dhwnnbpb_gl
qm\kl\bl_evghklb, jZ\guc
S
y
x
= d(ln(y))/d(ln(x)).
AZ^ZqZ. Hij_^_eblv aZ\bkbfhklv dhwnnbpb_glZ qm\kl\bl_evghklb j_]meylhjZ MZllZ
hl \_ebqbgu m]eh\hc kdhjhklb ( Kf. Jbk.13) KqblZlv ly]b g_\_khfufb, ^ebgm ly],
jZ\ghc l, fZkku rZjh\ jZ\gufb M, fZkkm kdhevays_c \lmedb - jZ\ghc m.
fbjh\uo bfi_jbc b oZg [ue i_j_bf_gh\Zg \ Qbg]ba oZgZ. Qlh `_ k^_eZeh fhg]hevkdb_
\hckdZ g_m^_j`bfufb \ \_d, dh]^Z \h_\Zeb dhivyfb, klj_eZfb b f_qZfb? Hl\_l:
hldjulb_ ijbgpbiZ j_aZgby b fykguo dhgk_j\h\. GZihfgbf, qlh bagZqZevgh hjm`b_
[ueh dhexsbf b aZsblhc ijhlb\ g_]h kem`beZ fhsgZy [jhgy. H^gZdh, \hbg \ eZlZo b
dhgv \ [jhg_ [ueb f_^e_ggu b fZehih^\b`gu. KZ[ey ijhj_aZeZ eZlu b dhevqm]b, ^_eZy bo
[_kihe_agufb. H^_luc ^ey aZsblu hl klj_e \ dh`m, \kZ^gbd fhg]hevkdhc Zjfbb [ue
ih^\b`_g, kihkh[_g gZ kdZdm klj_eylv ba emdZ b kh\_jrZlv ^ebggu_ [jhkdb. Baf_gbeZkv
lZdlbdZ [hy b kjhdb ^\b`_gby Zjfbc, d q_fm ijhlb\gbdb fhg]heh\ g_ [ueb ]hlh\u.
       h
kbo ihj dZ`^h_ ba `b\rbo gZ a_fe_ ihdhe_gbc kqblZeh k\h_ \j_fy \j_f_g_f
fZdkbfZevghc kdhjhklb l_ogbq_kdh]h ijh]j_kkZ.