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1. <\_^_gb_.
Fu ihfgbf, qlh nbabdZ – wlh
gZmdZ wdki_jbf_glZevgZy. Keh\Z wlb
hagZqZxl, qlh ex[h_ l_hj_lbq_kdh_
ij_^kdZaZgb_, hkh[_ggh \ h[eZklyo _s_
fZeh bkke_^h\Zgguo, ^he`gh [ulv
ijh\_j_gh \ wdki_jbf_gl_. >Z`_, _keb
wlh ij_^kdZaZgb_ [Zabjm_lky gZ aZdhgZo
^Z\gh b gZ^_`gh mklZgh\e_gguo.
IjbqbgZ ih^h[gh]h «g_^h\_jby» d
l_hjbb [Zabjm_lky gZ lhf hkgh\Zgbb, qlh
\ ex[hf jZkq_l_ ijboh^blky ^_eZlv
g_dhlhju_ ij_^iheh`_gby h[ h[t_dl_
(fh^_ebjh\Zlv h[t_dl) b ij_g_[j_]Zlv
f_edbfb hkh[_gghklyfb j_Zevgh]h
h[t_dlZ beb, dZaZehkv [u,
g_agZqbl_evguf _]h \aZbfh^_ckl\b_f k
^jm]bfb h[t_dlZfb. Ihwlhfm
kijZ\_^eb\hklv l_hj_lbq_kdbo
ij_^kdZaZgbc, bo lhqghklv b ij_^_eu bo
ijbf_gbfhklb ^he`gu [ulv bamq_gu
wdki_jbf_glZevgh.
Mqb\rb_ fZjdkbklkdh-e_gbgkdmx
nbehkhnbx \ h[yaZl_evghf ihjy^d_
^he`gu [ueb agZlv njZam: «IjZdlbdZ
y\ey_lky djbl_jb_f bklbgu.» Q_f `_
hlebqZ_lky ijZdlbdZ hl wdki_jbf_glZ b
ihq_fm nbabdZ [Zabjm_lky gZ
wdki_jbf_gl_, Z g_ gZ ijZdlbd_?
B \ k\h_c ijZdlbq_kdhc
^_yl_evghklb, b \ wdki_jbf_gl_
q_eh\_q_kl\h aZ^Z_l ijbjh^_ \hijhku b
iulZ_lky ihemqblv hl g__ hl\_lu. <
ijZdlbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb \hijhku
bf_xl ijZ]fZlbq_kdmx gZijZ\e_gghklv,
Z ihlhfm ^Ze_dh g_ \k_]^Z q_ldh
ihklZ\e_gu b ihqlb \k_]^Z [_kkbkl_fgu.
Hlebqbl_evghc hkh[_gghklvx
wdki_jbf_glZ y\ey_lky hkfuke_gghklv
ihklZgh\db \hijhkZ, gZijZ\e_gghklv gZ
ihemq_gb_ ykgh]h hl\_lZ,
\hkijhba\h^bfhklv j_amevlZlZ b,
gZdhg_p, ijh\_jdZ g_aZ\bkbfuf
wdki_jbf_glhf (dhgljhevguf hiulhf).
< dZq_kl\Z ijbf_jZ fh`gh
ijb\_klb f_oZgbdm :jbklhl_ey,
\hagbdrmx dZd h[h[s_gb_ ijZdlbq_kdbo
agZgbc, ijh^_j`Z\rmxky lukyq_e_lb_ b
kjZ\gbl_evgh g_^Z\gh aZf_g_ggmx
Gvxlhgh\hc f_oZgbdhc. :jbklhl_e_\Z
f_oZgbdZ hibku\ZeZ ^\b`_gb_ k lj_gb_f
(\yadh_ ^\b`_gb_), kbeZ \ g_c, gZ
kh\j_f_gghf yaud_, [ueZ
ijhihjpbhgZevgZ kdhjhklb
mklZgh\b\r_]hky jZ\ghf_jgh]h
ijyfhebg_cgh]h ^\b`_gby. DZd fu
ihfgbf, \ Gvxlhgh\hc f_oZgbd_ kbeZ
ijhihjpbhgZevgZ mkdhj_gbx. H^gZdh
mklZgh\blv wlhl nZdl ba ijZdlbq_kdhc
`bagb hdZaZehkv g_ ijhklh.
Dh]^Z `_ \hagbd wdki_jbf_gl \
kh\j_f_gghf _]h ihgbfZgbb? Ih
\b^bfhfm, \ 17 \_d_. JZkkfhljbf, \
dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ, h^gb ba kZfuo
^j_\gbo, wdki_jbf_glu =Zebe_h =Zebe_y
(kf. Jbk.1) ih bkke_^h\Zgbx aZdhgZ
\k_fbjgh]h ly]hl_gby.
Jbk.1 =Zebe_h =Zebe_c (1564-1642)
Wlhl wdki_jbf_gl ijh\h^beky gZ
agZf_gblhc IbaZgkdhc [Zrg_, dhlhjZy
bf_eZ agZqbl_evguc gZdehg m`_ kjZam
ihke_ aZ\_jr_gby kljhbl_evguo jZ[hl
(kf .Jbk.2). =Zebe_c k[jZku\Ze k
jZaebqguo wlZ`_c [Zrgb ki_pbZevgh
ba]hlh\e_ggu_ kn_jbq_kdb_ l_eZ (jbk.3).
1. <\_^_gb_. Gvxlhgh\hc f_oZgbdhc. :jbklhl_e_\Z
f_oZgbdZ hibku\ZeZ ^\b`_gb_ k lj_gb_f
(\yadh_ ^\b`_gb_), kbeZ \ g_c, gZ
Fu ihfgbf, qlh nbabdZ – wlh kh\j_f_gghf yaud_, [ueZ
gZmdZ wdki_jbf_glZevgZy. Keh\Z wlb ijhihjpbhgZevgZ kdhjhklb
hagZqZxl, qlh ex[h_ l_hj_lbq_kdh_ mklZgh\b\r_]hky jZ\ghf_jgh]h
ij_^kdZaZgb_, hkh[_ggh \ h[eZklyo _s_ ijyfhebg_cgh]h ^\b`_gby. DZd fu
fZeh bkke_^h\Zgguo, ^he`gh [ulv ihfgbf, \ Gvxlhgh\hc f_oZgbd_ kbeZ
ijh\_j_gh \ wdki_jbf_gl_. >Z`_, _keb ijhihjpbhgZevgZ mkdhj_gbx. H^gZdh
wlh ij_^kdZaZgb_ [Zabjm_lky gZ aZdhgZo mklZgh\blv wlhl nZdl ba ijZdlbq_kdhc
^Z\gh b gZ^_`gh mklZgh\e_gguo. `bagb hdZaZehkv g_ ijhklh.
IjbqbgZ ih^h[gh]h «g_^h\_jby» d Dh]^Z `_ \hagbd wdki_jbf_gl \
l_hjbb [Zabjm_lky gZ lhf hkgh\Zgbb, qlh kh\j_f_gghf _]h ihgbfZgbb? Ih
\ ex[hf jZkq_l_ ijboh^blky ^_eZlv \b^bfhfm, \ 17 \_d_. JZkkfhljbf, \
g_dhlhju_ ij_^iheh`_gby h[ h[t_dl_ dZq_kl\_ ijbf_jZ, h^gb ba kZfuo
(fh^_ebjh\Zlv h[t_dl) b ij_g_[j_]Zlv ^j_\gbo, wdki_jbf_glu =Zebe_h =Zebe_y
f_edbfb hkh[_gghklyfb j_Zevgh]h (kf. Jbk.1) ih bkke_^h\Zgbx aZdhgZ
h[t_dlZ beb, dZaZehkv [u, \k_fbjgh]h ly]hl_gby.
g_agZqbl_evguf _]h \aZbfh^_ckl\b_f k
^jm]bfb h[t_dlZfb. Ihwlhfm
kijZ\_^eb\hklv l_hj_lbq_kdbo
ij_^kdZaZgbc, bo lhqghklv b ij_^_eu bo
ijbf_gbfhklb ^he`gu [ulv bamq_gu
wdki_jbf_glZevgh.
Mqb\rb_ fZjdkbklkdh-e_gbgkdmx
nbehkhnbx \ h[yaZl_evghf ihjy^d_
^he`gu [ueb agZlv njZam: «IjZdlbdZ
y\ey_lky djbl_jb_f bklbgu.» Q_f `_
hlebqZ_lky ijZdlbdZ hl wdki_jbf_glZ b
ihq_fm nbabdZ [Zabjm_lky gZ
wdki_jbf_gl_, Z g_ gZ ijZdlbd_?
B \ k\h_c ijZdlbq_kdhc
^_yl_evghklb, b \ wdki_jbf_gl_
q_eh\_q_kl\h aZ^Z_l ijbjh^_ \hijhku b
iulZ_lky ihemqblv hl g__ hl\_lu. <
ijZdlbq_kdhc ^_yl_evghklb \hijhku
bf_xl ijZ]fZlbq_kdmx gZijZ\e_gghklv,
Z ihlhfm ^Ze_dh g_ \k_]^Z q_ldh
ihklZ\e_gu b ihqlb \k_]^Z [_kkbkl_fgu.
Hlebqbl_evghc hkh[_gghklvx
wdki_jbf_glZ y\ey_lky hkfuke_gghklv Jbk.1 =Zebe_h =Zebe_c (1564-1642)
ihklZgh\db \hijhkZ, gZijZ\e_gghklv gZ
ihemq_gb_ ykgh]h hl\_lZ, Wlhl wdki_jbf_gl ijh\h^beky gZ
\hkijhba\h^bfhklv j_amevlZlZ b, agZf_gblhc IbaZgkdhc [Zrg_, dhlhjZy
gZdhg_p, ijh\_jdZ g_aZ\bkbfuf bf_eZ agZqbl_evguc gZdehg m`_ kjZam
wdki_jbf_glhf (dhgljhevguf hiulhf). ihke_ aZ\_jr_gby kljhbl_evguo jZ[hl
< dZq_kl\Z ijbf_jZ fh`gh (kf .Jbk.2). =Zebe_c k[jZku\Ze k
ijb\_klb f_oZgbdm :jbklhl_ey, jZaebqguo wlZ`_c [Zrgb ki_pbZevgh
\hagbdrmx dZd h[h[s_gb_ ijZdlbq_kdbo ba]hlh\e_ggu_ kn_jbq_kdb_ l_eZ (jbk.3).
agZgbc, ijh^_j`Z\rmxky lukyq_e_lb_ b
kjZ\gbl_evgh g_^Z\gh aZf_g_ggmx
