Основы измерений. Долгополов В.Т. - 5 стр.

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МФТИ | Москва

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G_khfg_ggh, bamqZlv wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ f_lh^u b l_ogbdm baf_j_gbc gm`gh g_
ih dgb]_, g_ \ Zm^blhjbb, Z \ eZ[hjZlhjbb. Hkgh\gZy jZ[hlZ ih wlhc qZklb ^ey dZ`^h]h ba
\Zk _s_ \i_j_^b. Gb`_ fu h[km^bf lhevdh jy^ h[sbo ihgylbc, ijbgpbih\ b ih^oh^h\, g_
lj_[mxsbo jZ[hlu k h[hjm^h\Zgb_f.
2. GZmdZ nmg^Zf_glZevgZy b ijbdeZ^gZy.
Ih p_eb bkke_^h\Zgbc, ^h\hevgh mkeh\gh, gZmdm fh`gh jZa^_eblv gZ ijbdeZ^gmx b
nmg^Zf_glZevgmx. IjbdeZ^gZy gZmdZ bf__l k\h_c p_evx ihemq_gb_ ijZdlbq_kdb
agZqbfh]h j_amevlZlZ, ihbkd hilbfZevgh]h j_r_gby ijZdlbq_kdb agZqbfhc ijh[e_fu
(kha^Zgb_ gh\uo fZl_jbZeh\ k aZ^Zggufb k\hckl\Zfb, jZajZ[hldZ k_gkhjh\, gh\uo
bklhqgbdh\ wg_j]bb beb gh\uo kihkh[h\ rbnjh\db bgnhjfZpbb, gZijbf_j). <
ijhfure_ggh jZa\bluo kljZgZo ijbdeZ^gZy gZmdZ ihemqZ_l agZqbl_evgmx ih^^_j`dm hl
ijhfure_gghklb, Z gZmqgu_ khljm^gbdb, jZ[hlZxsb_ \ wlhf k_dlhj_ gZmdb, y\eyxlky
gZb[he__ h[_ki_q_ggufb b m\Z`Z_fufb.
?^bgkl\_gghc p_evx nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmdb y\ey_lky ihemq_gb_ gh\uo agZgbc,
lh _klv, \ dhg_qghf kq_l_, gZibkZgb_ gh\uo jZa^_eh\ mq_[gbdZ beb kijZ\hqgbdZ. E_]dh
k_[_ ij_^klZ\blv kdhevdh klhbl dZ`^Zy gh\Zy kljhqdZ mq_[gbdZ! Ijh[e_fZ bkke_^h\Zl_ey,
jZ[hlZxs_]h \ wlhc h[eZklb gZmdb aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf, qlh[u hij_^_eblv, dZdb_ jZa^_eu
mq_[gbdZ _s_ g_ gZibkZgu. >jm]bfb keh\Zfb, ^ey jZ[hlu \ nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmd_
g_h[oh^bfh hij_^_e_ggh_ qmlv_ gZ gh\h_ b ^h\hevgh \ukhdZy d\ZebnbdZpby. >ey
ih^^_j`Zgby d\ZebnbdZpbb m^h[gh gZjy^m k bkke_^h\Zgbyfb aZgbfZlvky
ij_ih^Z\Zl_evkdhc ^_yl_evghklvx. Ihwlhfm \h fgh]bo kljZgZo nmg^Zf_glZevgZy gZmdZ
khkj_^hlhq_gZ bkdexqbl_evgh \ mgb\_jkbl_lZo. Kh_^bg_gb_ mgb\_jkbl_lkdh]h
ij_ih^Z\Zgby k nmg^Zf_glZevgufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb iha\hey_l, d lhfm `_, hijZ\^Zlv
aZgylb_ nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmdhc \ ]eZaZo gZeh]hieZl_evsbdZ b ijb\blv dZ`^hfm ba
mgb\_jkbl_lkdbo \uimkdgbdh\ gZ\udb d bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc jZ[hl_.
Kj_^b nbabq_kdbo gZmd bf__lky k_dlhj, ijhf_`mlhqguc f_`^m
nmg^Zf_glZevgufb b ijbdeZ^gufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb. Wlh, lZd gZau\Z_fZy, gZmdZ h
fZl_jbZeZo. Wlhl jZa^_e, dZd b jZa^_e ijbdeZ^guo bkke_^h\Zgbc, ihk\ys_g bamq_gbx
dhgdj_lguo fZl_jbZeh\, \ dhg_qghf kq_l_, hjb_glbjh\Zg gZ ijZdlbq_kdb_ gm`^u, gh g_
klZ\bl k\h_c p_evx ihemq_gb_ [ukljh]h dhgdj_lgh]h j_amevlZlZ, qlh k[eb`Z_l _]h k
nmg^Zf_glZevgufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb.
AZihfgbf: G_ \kydh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_, g_ bf_xs__ ijZdlbq_kdhc agZqbfhklb,
hlghkblky d nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmd_!
3. Qlh «emqr_», ih^l\_j^blv beb hijh\_j]gmlv l_hjbx?
<hijhk, \ug_k_gguc \ aZ]heh\hd dZ`_lky [_kkfuke_gguf, ihkdhevdm «emqr_»
agZlv bklbgm. B \k_ `_ wlhl \hijhk g_ lZd ijhkl.
< klm^_gq_kdb_ \j_f_gZ, gZqbgZy k q_l\_jlh]h dmjkZ, fu ihk_sZeb aZk_^Zgby
Mq_gh]h kh\_lZ BgklblmlZ nbabq_kdbo ijh[e_f. <_e aZk_^Zgb_, dZd ijZ\beh, I.E.
DZibpZ. < dhgp_ dZ`^h]h ^hdeZ^Z hg \ukdZau\Ze k\h_ km`^_gb_ h ijhkemrZgghc jZ[hl_.
Ih wdki_jbf_glZevguf jZ[hlZf lZdbo km`^_gbc [ueh ljb: \h-i_j\uo, jZ[hlZ g_
^h^_eZgZ, _keb DZibpZ h[gZjm`b\Ze g_^hklZlhd wdki_jbf_glZevguo ^Zgguo beb keZ[h
Zj]mf_glbjh\Zggu_ \u\h^u. <h-\lhjuo, jZ[hlZ ^h[jhlgZy, kj_^gyy. Wlhc hp_gdb
m^hklZb\Zebkv jZ[hlu, \ dhlhjuo gZ[ex^Zehkv ihegh_ kh]eZkb_ k l_hjb_c. DZibpZ
kqblZe, qlh lZdZy jZ[hlZ aZdju\Z_l \hijhk b ihlhfm fZehbgl_j_kgZ. <ukr_c hp_gdb
m^hklZb\Zebkv bkke_^h\Zgby, \ dhlhjuo wdki_jbf_gl jZkoh^beky k l_hj_lbq_kdbfb
ij_^kdZaZgbyfb, , _keb, dhg_qgh, wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ \u\h^u bf_eb kheb^gmx [Zam.
>_ckl\bl_evgh, wdki_jbf_glZevgZy jZ[hlZ, ih^l\_j`^ZxsZy l_hjbx, g_ \uau\Z_l
`_eZgby m ^jm]bo wdki_jbf_glZlhjh\ ijh\_jblv __ j_amevlZlu _s_ jZa. ?_ f_klh \
h[ahjguo klZlvyo. Wdki_jbf_glZlhju \kihfgyl h g_c lhevdh \ lhf j_^dhf kemqZ_, _keb \ 
      G_khfg_ggh, bamqZlv wdki_jbf_glZevgu_ f_lh^u b l_ogbdm baf_j_gbc gm`gh g_
ih dgb]_, g_ \ Zm^blhjbb, Z \ eZ[hjZlhjbb. Hkgh\gZy jZ[hlZ ih wlhc qZklb ^ey dZ`^h]h ba
\Zk _s_ \i_j_^b. Gb`_ fu h[km^bf lhevdh jy^ h[sbo ihgylbc, ijbgpbih\ b ih^oh^h\, g_
lj_[mxsbo jZ[hlu k h[hjm^h\Zgb_f.

      2. GZmdZ nmg^Zf_glZevgZy b ijbdeZ^gZy.

       Ih p_eb bkke_^h\Zgbc, ^h\hevgh mkeh\gh, gZmdm fh`gh jZa^_eblv gZ ijbdeZ^gmx b
nmg^Zf_glZevgmx. IjbdeZ^gZy gZmdZ bf__l k\h_c p_evx ihemq_gb_ ijZdlbq_kdb
agZqbfh]h j_amevlZlZ, ihbkd hilbfZevgh]h j_r_gby ijZdlbq_kdb agZqbfhc ijh[e_fu
(kha^Zgb_ gh\uo fZl_jbZeh\ k aZ^Zggufb k\hckl\Zfb, jZajZ[hldZ k_gkhjh\, gh\uo
bklhqgbdh\ wg_j]bb beb gh\uo kihkh[h\ rbnjh\db bgnhjfZpbb, gZijbf_j). <
ijhfure_ggh jZa\bluo kljZgZo ijbdeZ^gZy gZmdZ ihemqZ_l agZqbl_evgmx ih^^_j`dm hl
ijhfure_gghklb, Z gZmqgu_ khljm^gbdb, jZ[hlZxsb_ \ wlhf k_dlhj_ gZmdb, y\eyxlky
gZb[he__ h[_ki_q_ggufb b m\Z`Z_fufb.
       ?^bgkl\_gghc p_evx nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmdb y\ey_lky ihemq_gb_ gh\uo agZgbc,
lh _klv, \ dhg_qghf kq_l_, gZibkZgb_ gh\uo jZa^_eh\ mq_[gbdZ beb kijZ\hqgbdZ. E_]dh
k_[_ ij_^klZ\blv kdhevdh klhbl dZ`^Zy gh\Zy kljhqdZ mq_[gbdZ! Ijh[e_fZ bkke_^h\Zl_ey,
jZ[hlZxs_]h \ wlhc h[eZklb gZmdb aZdexqZ_lky \ lhf, qlh[u hij_^_eblv, dZdb_ jZa^_eu
mq_[gbdZ _s_ g_ gZibkZgu. >jm]bfb keh\Zfb, ^ey jZ[hlu \ nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmd_
g_h[oh^bfh hij_^_e_ggh_ qmlv_ gZ gh\h_ b ^h\hevgh \ukhdZy d\ZebnbdZpby. >ey
ih^^_j`Zgby d\ZebnbdZpbb m^h[gh gZjy^m k bkke_^h\Zgbyfb aZgbfZlvky
ij_ih^Z\Zl_evkdhc ^_yl_evghklvx. Ihwlhfm \h fgh]bo kljZgZo nmg^Zf_glZevgZy gZmdZ
khkj_^hlhq_gZ bkdexqbl_evgh \ mgb\_jkbl_lZo.           Kh_^bg_gb_ mgb\_jkbl_lkdh]h
ij_ih^Z\Zgby k nmg^Zf_glZevgufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb iha\hey_l, d lhfm `_, hijZ\^Zlv
aZgylb_ nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmdhc \ ]eZaZo gZeh]hieZl_evsbdZ b ijb\blv dZ`^hfm ba
mgb\_jkbl_lkdbo \uimkdgbdh\ gZ\udb d bkke_^h\Zl_evkdhc jZ[hl_.
       Kj_^b    nbabq_kdbo     gZmd    bf__lky    k_dlhj,   ijhf_`mlhqguc      f_`^m
nmg^Zf_glZevgufb b ijbdeZ^gufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb. Wlh, lZd gZau\Z_fZy, gZmdZ h
fZl_jbZeZo. Wlhl jZa^_e, dZd b jZa^_e ijbdeZ^guo bkke_^h\Zgbc, ihk\ys_g bamq_gbx
dhgdj_lguo fZl_jbZeh\, \ dhg_qghf kq_l_, hjb_glbjh\Zg gZ ijZdlbq_kdb_ gm`^u, gh g_
klZ\bl k\h_c p_evx ihemq_gb_ [ukljh]h dhgdj_lgh]h j_amevlZlZ, qlh k[eb`Z_l _]h k
nmg^Zf_glZevgufb bkke_^h\Zgbyfb.
       AZihfgbf: G_ \kydh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_, g_ bf_xs__ ijZdlbq_kdhc agZqbfhklb,
hlghkblky d nmg^Zf_glZevghc gZmd_!

      3. Qlh «emqr_», ih^l\_j^blv beb hijh\_j]gmlv l_hjbx?
       _ckl\bl_evgh, wdki_jbf_glZevgZy jZ[hlZ, ih^l\_j`^ZxsZy l_hjbx, g_ \uau\Z_l
`_eZgby m ^jm]bo wdki_jbf_glZlhjh\ ijh\_jblv __ j_amevlZlu _s_ jZa. ?_ f_klh \
h[ahjguo klZlvyo. Wdki_jbf_glZlhju \kihfgyl h g_c lhevdh \ lhf j_^dhf kemqZ_, _keb \

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