Закон в силе - Law Booster I. Дроботенко Ю.Б - 26 стр.

        • Family violence battery may be limited in its scope between per-                лесных повреждений, тяжкие телесные повреждения, определять
sons within a certain degree of relationship: statutes with respect to this of-           строгость наказания, оскорбление действием, насилие в семье, на-
fense have been enacted in response to increasing awareness of the problem                несение увечья, очевидное разрушение символа, выражение пре-
of domestic violence;                                                                     зрения, политический вандализм, преднамеренная порча собствен-
        • Aggravated battery is generally regarded as a serious offense of fel-           ности, надписи и рисунки в общественных местах, отчужденное
ony grade, involving the loss of the victim's limb or some other type of per-             общество.
manent disfigurement of the victim. As successor to the common law crime
of mayhem, this is sometimes subsumed in the definition of aggravated as-            2. Correct the following statements if they are false.
sault.                                                                                    • Affray is the fighting of two or more persons in private to the terror of
        Vandalism is the conspicuous defacement or destruction of a struc-                  the lieges.
ture or symbol. It can be done as an expression of contempt, creativity, or
                                                                                          • Neither private person nor constables must interfere to put a stop to an
both. Throughout history, the ritual destruction of monuments of a previous
                                                                                            affray.
government or power has been one of the largest symbols showing the at-
                                                                                          • Assault can be referred both to the actual violence and to the threat of
tempt at transition of power was normally expressed by erasing the name of
                                                                                            violence.
the hated individual from inscriptions and removing or replacing statues or
replacing just their heads after their death and subsequent disgrace. This is             • Aggravated assaults do not involve weapons.
official vandalism.                                                                       • There is no difference between battery and assault.
        Private citizens commit vandalism when they willfully damage or de-               • Mayhem and aggravated battery are misdemeanors.
face the property of others or the commons. Some vandalism qualifies as                   • Being an integral part of modern popular culture, vandalism in itself is
culture jamming or sniggling – it is artistic in nature as well as being carried            legal.
out illegally or without the property owner's permission. Examples include at             • Official vandalism has been one of the largest symbols showing the at-
least some graffiti art and billboard liberation. Criminal vandalism is often a             tempt at transition of power.
reaction against an alienating society or is corporate gang activity.
        Though vandalism in itself is illegal, it is also an integral part of mod-   3. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct forms of Active or Passive
ern popular culture. Graffiti tags, designs, and styles of writing are common-          Voice.
place on clothing and are an influence on many of the corporate logos with                1. Affray is a misdemeanor, which (to punish) by fine and
which we are familiar. Many skate parks and similar youth-oriented venues                    imprisonment.
are decorated with commissioned graffiti-style artwork, and in many others                2. Assault often (to define) to include not only violence, but any physi-
patrons are welcome to leave their own. There is still, however, a very fine                 cal contact with another person.
line between vandalism as an art form, as a political statement, and as a                 3. Simple assaults (not to involve) weapons.
crime.                                                                                    4. Battery often (to break down) into gradations for the purposes of de-
                                                                                             termining the severity of punishment.
1. Find in the text above the English equivalents for the following                       5. Battery may (to include) any form of harmful contact.
   words and expressions. Make up your own sentences with them.                           6. Vandalism can (to do) as an expression of contempt, creativity, or
    в общественном месте, частным образом, подлежащий уголовному                             both.
    преследованию, остановить драку, нарушение общественного по-                          7. Criminal vandalism (to carry out) illegally or without the property
    рядка, встревожить общественность, угроза насилия, нападение при                         owner's permission.
    отягчающих обстоятельствах, социальные контакты, степень те-

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