Мировая экономика и международный бизнес. Филиппова И.А. - 1 стр.

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ɎȿȾȿɊȺɅɖɇɈȿ ȺȽȿɇɌɋɌȼɈ ɉɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂɘ
Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɱɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɫɲɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ
ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ
ɂ. Ⱥ. ɎɂɅɂɉɉɈȼȺ
Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ
ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ
ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ
2008
3
ɍȾɄ 338(075)
ȻȻɄ 65.5 ɹ7
Ɏ 53
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢɨɧɧɨ-ɢɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɭɱɟɛɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɹ
Ɋɟɰɟɧɡɟɧɬɵ: ɤɚɮɟɞɪɚ «ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɨɪɢɹ» ɍȽɋɏȺ, ɤɚɧɞ. ɷɤɨɧɨɦ. ɧɚɭɤ, ɞɨ-
ɰɟɧɬ, ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɢɤ ɨɬɞɟɥɚ «Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɢɬɨɪɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ»
Ƚɍ Ȼɚɧɤɚ Ɋɨɫɫɢɢ ɩɨ ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɂɜɚɧɨɜ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ ɋɟɪɝɟɟɜɢɱ
Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ, ɂ. Ⱥ.
Ɏ 53 Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ : ɭɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ /
ɂ. Ⱥ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ. – ɍɥɶɹɧɨɜɫɤ : ɍɥȽɌɍ, 2008. – 168 ɫ.
ISBN 978-5-9795-0408-7
ɍɱɟɛɧɨɟ ɩɨɫɨɛɢɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɢ ɟɟ
ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɶ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ. ɉɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ,
ɨɛɭɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɹɦ 060400 «Ɏɢɧɚɧɫɵ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ», 060500 «Ȼɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪ-
ɫɤɢɣ ɭɱɟɬ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢ ɚɭɞɢɬ», 061100 «Ɇɟɧɟɞɠɦɟɧɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ», ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢ-
ɩɥɢɧɭ «Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ».
ɍȾɄ 338(075)
ȻȻɄ 65.5 ɹ7
Ɏɢɥɢɩɩɨɜɚ ɂ. Ⱥ., 2008
ISBN 978-5-9795-0408-7 Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ. ɍɥȽɌɍ, 2008
4
ɈȽɅȺȼɅȿɇɂȿ
ȼɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ....................................................................................................................... 5
1. Ɉɛɳɚɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ................................................ 6
1.1. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ (ɆȻ) ......................................................... 6
1.2. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɚ.................................................................... 7
1.3. Ɏɨɪɦɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ........................ 9
1.4. Ƚɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ................................................................. 13
1.5. ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ.............................................................. 14
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ............................................................................................... 19
2. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ ............................................... 20
2.1. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɆɌ...................................................................................................... 20
2.2. Ɍɟɨɪɢɢ ɆɌ........................................................................................................... 21
3. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ................................................. 43
3.1. ɋɭɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɜɢɞɵ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ.............................................. 43
3.2. Ɍɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ ............................................................... 44
3.3. Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɵ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɵɟ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɟ
ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ (ɉɂɂ)..................................................................................................... 48
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ............................................................................................... 53
4. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ................................. 55
4.1. ɗɜɨɥɸɰɢɹ (ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ) ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ............................. 55
5. ɉɥɚɬɟɠɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ................................................................................................. 74
5.1. ɉɥɚɬɟɠɧɵɣ ɛɚɥɚɧɫ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ.................................................................. 74
5.2. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɚ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ............................ 81
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ............................................................................................... 83
6. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ ............................................. 84
6.1. ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ ................................................. 84
6.2. ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɤɢ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ......................................................... 86
6.3. Ɋɨɥɶ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɧɤɨɜ ɜ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ................. 87
6.4. ȼɚɥɸɬɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠ............................................................................ 95
7. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɚɧɤɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ....................................................... 103
8. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɪɵɧɤɢ............................................................... 106
8.1. Ɋɵɧɨɤ ɟɜɪɨɜɚɥɸɬ.............................................................................................. 106
8.2. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɨɛɥɢɝɚɰɢɣ ɢ ɚɤɰɢɣ.................................................. 107
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ............................................................................................. 109
9. Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ .......................................... 111
9.1. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɵ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ............................. 117
9.2. Ȼɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ................................... 121
9.3. ɋɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ ɫɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ................................. 130
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ............................................................................................. 136
10. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɟ ɫɨɬɪɭɞɧɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ………..…137
11. Ɋɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɹ....................................................... 143
Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɵ............................................................................................. 153
Ɂɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ............................................................................................................... 154
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɵɣ ɭɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ............................................................................................ 155
Ƚɥɨɫɫɚɪɢɣ ................................................................................................................. 156
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɩɢɫɨɤ………………………………………………………166
5
ȼȼȿȾȿɇɂȿ
Ɇɢɪɨɜɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɚ – ɷɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɳɚɹ
ɛɨɥɟɟ 200 ɫɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ. ɉɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ
ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶ-
ɤɨ ɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɫɜɹɡɢ, ɧɨ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɢ
ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɵ.
Ɇɢɪɨɜɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɨɫɶ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɟ. Ʉɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɢɥ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɫɚ. ɉɨɞ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɇɌɉ
ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɢ ɝɥɭɛɨɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɫɞɜɢɝɢ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɜɨɣ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢ-
ɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɯ.
Ɉɝɪɨɦɧɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɫɬɚɥ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɫ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ. Ɍɪɚɧɫɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚ-
ɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨ-ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɨɞɢɧ ɢɡ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨ-
ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɭɪɫ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɳɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɨɣ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɢ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɠɢɡ-
ɧɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ.
Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɨɧ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɬ ɨɫɦɵɫɥɢɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ
ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɸ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɵ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɝɨ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɡɢɫɚ.

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