Мировая экономика и международный бизнес. Филиппова И.А. - 30 стр.

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118

ɉɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ

Ɉɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ – ɷɬɨ ɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɡɚ-

ɞɚɱɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɜ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ

ɫɬɪɚɧ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦ

ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ. ɋɬɪɚɧɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɨɪ-

ɬɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɬɫɹ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ, ɱɬɨ-

ɛɵ ɨɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɢɬɶ ɫɟɛɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɨɬ ɩɥɨɯɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɠɚɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ,

ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭɸ ɫɬɚɬɶɸ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɚɮɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɣ

ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ƚɚɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɥɚ ɨɬ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɤɚɤɚɨ, ɛɵ-

ɥɚ ɧɚɱɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ, ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɢɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɫɬɪɚ-

ɧɵ ɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɣ ɰɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɚɨ. ȼ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɞɢɜɟɪɫɢɮɢɰɢ-

ɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɭ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬ-

ɜɨɦ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ. ɉɪɚɜɢ-

ɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɬ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɞɥɹ

ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɪɬɮɟɥɹ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ. ɗɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɧɚɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɫ-

ɩɟɲɧɨɣ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ Ʉɭɜɟɣɬɚ ɜɬɨɪɠɟɧɢɸ ɂɪɚɤɚ ɜ 1990 ɝ. ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɨɮɢ-

ɧɚɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɣ

ɫɬɪɚɧɵ.

ɉɨɫɥɟ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ

(ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ əɩɨɧɢɹ, Ʉɨɪɟɹ ɢ Ɍɚɣɜɚɧɶ) ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɵɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɧɚ

ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ ɫɨɞɟɣ-

ɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ (export promotion strategy) ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɩɨɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɤɨɧ-

ɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɸ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ, ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɤɚɤɨɟ-

ɥɢɛɨ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɨ

, ɢɦɟɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɧɢɡɤɢɣ

ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ). ȼ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ (ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ, Ⱥɪ-

ɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ, ɂɧɞɢɹ ɢ Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɥɚɫɶ

ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ (import substitution strategy). ɗɬɚ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɩɨ-

ɨɳɪɹɟɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɨɛɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ

ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ ɡɚɪɭɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɢ (ɆɇɄ) ɨɬɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɥɢ

ɧɚ ɬɚɤɭɸ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɸ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɟɦ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ

ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɬɶ ɢɡɞɟɪɠɟɤ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ ɫ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ.

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɭ ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜ-

ɧɟɧɢɸ ɫɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɟɣ ɡɚɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɚ.

ɉɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ

ȼɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜ-

ɥɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɨɣ. ȼɚɠɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ

ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɢɦ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɹɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭ

ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɇɚ-

ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɢɡ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɟɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧ-

ɧɨɫɬɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ (MITI) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɤɟ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɢ ɩɪɨ-

ɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɭɛɫɢɞɢɣ, ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɡɚɤɭɥɢɫɧɵɯ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɨɜ

ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬ ɜɵɯɨɞ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ ɧɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɪɵɧɨɤ.

ɇɚ ɩɪɨɬɹɠɟɧɢɢ 50-ɯɢ 60-ɯɝɝ. MITI ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɥɨ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟ-

ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɭɞɧɵɯ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɚɥɸɬɵ ɢɡ ɬɪɭɞɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɨɬ-

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ɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɧɢɡɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨ-

ɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ), ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɤɚɩɢ-

ɬɚɥɨɟɦɤɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɣ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɜɵ-

ɫɨɤɢɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɚɹ ɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨ-

ɛɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ). ȼ

70-ɟɢ 80-ɟɝɝ. ɭɫɢɥɢɹ MITI ɛɵɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ

ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɨɦ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ (ɬɚɤɢɯ

ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɨɜɨɞɧɢɤɨɜɚɹ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɤɨɫɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ, ɛɢɨɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɢ ɢ

ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɶ). ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨ

ɫɜɨɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɩɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɭ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ

ɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɫɶ ɫɬɨɥɶ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɣ.

ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɩɟɯɢ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɢ ɘɠɧɨɣ Ʉɨɪɟɢ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɵɟ ɷɬɢɦɢ

ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɦɢɪɨɜɨɣ ɜɨɣɧɵ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧ

«ɱɟɬɜɟɪɤɢ» ɩɟɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɣ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɥɢ ɢ ɜ

ɷɬɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ (industrial policy). ȼɫɨ-

ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɣ, ɤɚɠɞɨɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɤɚɤɢɟ

ɨɬɪɚɫɥɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɠɢɡɧɟɧɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ

ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɢ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɵ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ

ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ. ȼ ɢɞɟɚɥɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ

ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɵɯ, ɪɚɫɬɭ-

ɳɢɯ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɵɧɤɚɯ – ɢɦɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ

ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɰɢɹɦ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɟ ɫɨ

ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ MITI.

ȼ ɧɚɱɚɥɟ 80-ɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɢ ɢɡ MITI ɭɛɟɞɢɥɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɩɨ

ɜɵɩɭɫɤɭ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɡɚɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɨɜ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ

ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶɸ (high-definition television, HDTV), ɦɨɬɢɜɢɪɭɹ ɫɜɨɟ

ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɥɢɞɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɨɡɢɰɢɹɦɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪɨɜ

ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɞɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɱɟɬɤɨɫɬɢ – ɷɬɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɝɨ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ HDTV ɪɟɝɭ-

ɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɦɢ ɋɒȺ ɢ ȿɜɪɨɫɨɸɡɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ

ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ, ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɳɢɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧ-

ɧɨɣ ɰɢɮɪɨɜɨɣ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ, ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɚɧɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ

ɭɫɬɚɪɟɜɲɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɣ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɂɋ, ɧɚɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɯ MITI ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɦ

ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹɦ.

ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞɧɵɟ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɰɢɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɯ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɯ

ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɢɤɢ ɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ HDTV ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɨɜɵɯ ɂɋ

ɨɛɟɪɧɭɥɢɫɶ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɧɵɦɢ ɭɛɵɬɤɚɦɢ.

ɉɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɜɵɪɚ-

ɠɚɸɬ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɩɚɫɟɧɢɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ

ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ ɨɬ ɜɧɭɬ-

ɪɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ, ɚ ɧɟ ɨɬ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧ-

ɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɪɵɧɤɟ. ɉɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ-

ɤɢ, ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɛɭɞɭɳɢɯ ɥɢɞɟɪɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɧɤɚ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ

ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɬɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɢɡɨɳɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɡɚɜɨɟɜɚɧɢɹ

ɩɨɩɭɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɢ.

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ȼ ɰɟɧɬɪɟ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɢ, ɪɚɡɜɟɪɧɭɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶ-

ɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɤɚɤɭɸ ɪɨɥɶ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɢɝɪɚɬɶ

ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ.

Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ

ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭ-

ɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɹɯ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɰɢɨ-

ɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ, ɬɚɤɨɟ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ

ɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɨɛɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɵɦɢ

ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɢ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɜɪɟɞɢɬ ɤɚɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɚɦ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨ-

ɦɢɤɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɭ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɬɚ Ȼɭɲɚ ɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ

ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɟɫɥɨ ɩɨɥɶɡɭ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹɦ ɫɬɚɥɟɥɢɬɟɣɧɨɣ ɩɪɨ-

ɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɒȺ, ɧɨ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɦɭ ɪɢɫɤɭ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢ-

ɹɬɢɹ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɫɬɚɥɶ. ɗɬɨ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɟɥɨ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɛɟɡɪɚɛɨ-

ɬɢɰɵ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɞɨɤɟɪɨɜ, ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɪɚɡɝɪɭɡɤɨɣ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɜ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɩɨɪ-

ɬɚɯ, ɤɚɤ Ȼɚɥɬɢɦɨɪ, ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤ, ɏɶɸɫɬɨɧ, Ʌɨɧɝ-

Ȼɢɱ, ɢ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɪɬɨɜɵɯ ɝɨɪɨ-

ɞɚɯ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɢɫɶ ɰɟɧɵ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɋɒȺ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ ɡɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ, ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭ-

ɝɢɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɶɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɜɚɪɵ, ɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɬɚɥɶ.

ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɧɚ-

ɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɭ ɢ ɧɚɧɨ-

ɫɢɬ ɜɪɟɞ ɝɪɚɠɞɚɧɚɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬ ɜɵɝɨɞɭ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɫɨɰɢ

ɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɝɪɭɩɩɚɦ? ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ (public choice

analysis) – ɪɚɡɞɟɥɭ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɧɚɭɤɢ, ɢɡɭɱɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɹ-

ɬɢɹ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ, – ɨɫɨɛɵɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɨɬ-

ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚɞ ɨɛɳɢɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ ɜ ɬɨɣ

ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ: ɝɪɭɩɩɵ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɟ ɨɫɨ-

ɛɵɦɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɦɢ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɣ ɤ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɸ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɚ-

ɧɵ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɸ ɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ

ɫ ɭɫɢɥɢɹɦɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɝɨɜ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɦɟɧɭ

ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɭɳɟɦɥɹɸɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɵ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɦɚɫɫ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɚ 1920 ɝ., ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɭɞɚɦ ɡɚɩɪɟɳɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɫ-

ɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɢ ɩɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɨɡɤɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɜ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɪɬɚɦɢ ɋɒȺ. ɗɬɨ

ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɭ ɜɥɚɞɟɥɶɰɟɜ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɞɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɵɟ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɚ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɪɢɛɵɥɢ ɧɚ

ɫɭɦɦɭ ɨɤɨɥɨ $630 ɦɥɧ. ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɢɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɩɨ

ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɨɰɟɧɤɚɦ, ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɟɠɟɝɨɞɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɢɡɞɟɪ-

ɠɟɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɫɭɬ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɢ,

ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ $10,5 ɦɥɪɞ, ɢɥɢ ɩɨ $40 ɜ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ

ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɣ ɧɚ

ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɠɨɧɫɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɥ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-

ɫɬɜɢɹɦ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ, ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɚɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢ-

ɤɚ, ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ

ɜɫɟɨɛɴɟɦɥɸɳɟɝɨ ɜɢɞɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ, ɚ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɪɟ-

ɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɦ ɜɩɨɥɧɟ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚɦɢ

, ɫɬɪɟɦɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɤ

ɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɛɪɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜ-

ɧɟɣ. Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ ɛɢɡɧɟɫɦɟɧɵ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɫɜɨɢɯ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ ɡɞɪɚ-

121

ɜɵɦ ɫɦɵɫɥɨɦ, ɨɫɨɡɧɚɸɬ ɜɫɸ ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ. ȼɨ

ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɧɚɣɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨ-

ɸɡɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɧɚ ɜɟɞɟɬ ɛɢɡɧɟɫ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ

ɜ ɫɜɨɢ ɞɟɥɚ.

ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ Nissan ɢ Toyota ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɦɟɱɚɧɢɣ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɢɯ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɋɒȺ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ

80-ɟɝɝ. ɷɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ

ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɨɜ. Ɍɟɩɟɪɶ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ Nissan ɢ Toyota ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨ-

ɞɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢɣ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɫɚ ɨɬ ɲɬɚɬɨɜ, ɧɚ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨ-

ɪɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ (ɲɬɚɬɵ ɂɧɞɢɚɧɚ, Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚɹ ȼɢɪɞɠɢ-

ɧɢɹ, Ɍɟɧɧɟɫɫɢ ɢ Ʉɟɧɬɭɤɤɢ), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɷɬɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɤɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɬ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɟ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɢ ɹɩɨɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɢ.

ɇɚɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ

ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ ɜɵɜɨɞ: ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɣ Toyota ɢ Nissan ɨɬɱɟɬɥɢɜɨ ɨɫɨɡɧɚɟɬ,

ɱɬɨ «ɜɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɞɟɥɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚɯ».

9.2. Ȼɚɪɶɟɪɵ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɣ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɢ

Ɍɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ – ɷɬɨ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞ-

ɧɭɸ ɬɨɪɝɨɜɥɸ ɬɨɜɚɪɚɦɢ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɬɚɪɢɮɵ ɜɡɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɨ-

ɤɢɞɚɸɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ (ɬɚɪɢɮ ɧɚ ɷɤɫɩɨɪɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, export tariff)

ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɸɬ ɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɰɭ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɢ (ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ, transit tariff). Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶ-

ɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɜɡɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ (ɬɚɪɢɮ

ɧɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ, ɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɚ, import tariff). ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɬɢ-

ɩɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɲɥɢɧ:

1) ɚɞɜɚɥɨɪɧɚɹ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɫ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ (ad valorem

tariff). Ɋɚɡɦɟɪ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɪɵɧɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ

ɢɦɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɬɨɜɚɪɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɬɚɛɥ. 2.5.1. (ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ

ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɢɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɞɟɤɫɚ ɋɒȺ), ɜ ɋɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɒɬɚɬɚɯ

ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɞɜɚɥɨɪɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 2,1% ɧɚ ɜɜɨɡ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɧɚɫɨɜ ɜ

ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɢɪɨɩɟ;

2) ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ (specific tariff). ɗɬɨɬ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-

ɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɜɟɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɢɡɦɟɪɟ-

ɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɯ ɬɨɜɚɪɨɜ.

3) ɫɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ (compound tariff) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢɸ

ɚɞɜɚɥɨɪɧɨɣ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɚ. ɇɚ ɢɦɩɨɪɬ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ

ɜɢɲɟɧ ɜ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɢɪɨɩɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧ ɚɞɜɚɥɨɪɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 6,4% ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶ-

ɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 9,9 ɰɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɦ.

ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ

, ɜɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɯ,

ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɚɞɜɚɥɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɬɚɪɢɮɨɜ ɧɚ ɜɜɨɡɢɦɵɟ ɬɨ-

ɜɚɪɵ. Ⱥɞɜɚɥɨɪɧɵɣ ɬɚɪɢɮ ɜɡɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɨɛɴɹɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚ, ɤɨɬɨ-

ɪɚɹ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɚ ɨɬɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɰɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɜɚɪ ɜ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɟɝɨ

ɜɵɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɪɵɧɨɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ. ɉɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɦ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ Target ɩɨɤɭɩɚɟɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɭɸ

ɩɚɪɬɢɸ ɤɨɧɫɟɪɜɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɚɧɚɧɚɫɨɜ ɜ ɫɚɯɚɪɧɨɦ ɫɢɪɨɩɟ ɭ ɮɢɥɢɩɩɢɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɪɨ-

ɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɢɳɟɜɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɩɨ ɰɟɧɟ $400 ɡɚ ɬɨɧɧɭ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɩɚɪɬɢɹ ɚɧɚɧɚɫɨɜ

ɛɭɞɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɩɨɪɬ Ʌɨɫ-Ⱥɧɞɠɟɥɟɫɚ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢɹ

Target ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɡɚɩɥɚ-

ɬɢɬɶ ɬɚɦɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɋɒȺ ɩɨɲɥɢɧɭ ɜ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ 2,1% ɨɬ $400, ɢɥɢ $8,40 ɡɚ

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