18th Century Britain. Иностранный язык. Фомина И.В. - 12 стр.

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no ground for a right of revolution in general. Kings might not be by God
appointed, but the chaos in the country was a warning that men could invite,
destruction by a pursuit of perfection.
    The Whig party was a party of new men and new interests. Its leaders were drawn
from the great landed families who had gathered territory and influence during the
17th century. They were for limited monarchy and the supremacy of Parliament, the
Toleration Act and the Protestant succession, hostility to France, the development of
commerce, and the security of property.
    Their political allies were the Dissenters, the members of a religious union who
did not accept the ornate complexities of the Church of England as the only possible
house of God. Their religious organization was a standing criticism of a hierarchical
society. They anticipated in the life of the spirit the methods which would later move
through the industrial and commercial life of fhe 19th century England. By 1714 a
political alliance of the Dissenters and the greater landowners against the smaller
landed gentry was the backbone of the Whig party. The Whig party actively
supported the new moneyed men who understood the growing importance of trade
and industry.
   After the Glorious Revolution of 1689 it was impossible for the Tory party to
support the Hanoverians without splitting their ranks. It was also impossible for them
to support the Stuarts without denying their church. In the course of William III's
reign the Tories abandoned for the most part the theories of divine right and
nonresistance.
  To kill a king was a poor way of making him- responsible for his policies. But so
long as he had political initiative, his ministers could shelter themselves under the
cloak of his royal command. The problem was solved by extending the lawyers'
fiction — that the king could do no wrong — to matters of state.
    A fictive innocence of the king was postulated in order to secure the responsibility
of his ministers. As this responsibility could only be enforced by impeachment, this
Whig doctrine implied the regular meetings of Parliament. The measure of royal
innocence was the measure of ministerial guilt. It was realized that it might be as
wasteful to behead a minister as to behead a king.


Ex. 5. Transform Active Voice into Passive.

1.    People knew the party supporting king Charles I as the Cavaliers.
2.    They called the supporters of Parliament the roundheads.
3.    Their opponents called the Royalists Tories.
4.    The trade unions formed the Labour Party.
5.    They solved the problem by extending the lawyer’s fiction.


Ex. 6. Ask questions about the following dates:

1640, 1689 (twice), 1740.