18th Century Britain. Иностранный язык. Фомина И.В. - 18 стр.

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   The military campaigns in the reign of Queen Anne needed administrative
innovations and financial expedients of a wholly new range and skill. Much of the
expenditure was met by loans which had to be repaid. Public finance ceased to be
royal finance and became parliamentary finance. Parliament became the judge of the
country's war effort. When George I came to the throne it was clear that the Crown
must fall into dependence on Parliament in many ways which had nothing to do with
written laws.
   Before 1689, when parliamenets were transient things dependent on the will of the
king, men had been reluctant to invest time and money in a seat in the House of
Commons. When it was clear that it would meet every year and that it would decide
the issues that would determine the course of foreign trade, the conditions of internal
economic life, and the distribution of the jobs and the honours, the competition for
the seats began. The character of the competition was determined by the very odd
distribution of seats and of the right to vote and by the use which could be made of
them.

   Before the Union with Scotland, 1707, the House of Commons had 513 members.
There were twenty-four Welsh members, eighty knights of the shire for the English
counties, four university members, but the rest, the overwhelming majority, were
returned by the boroughs. The southwest of England provided a quarter of the House.
Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, and Wiltshire returned between them 142 members. East
and West Looe, two halves of a tiny Cornish village, returned as many members as
the City of London. Tiny , settlements could send as many representatives to the law-
making body as a whole country. There was no universal right to vote in the country.
One small group of boroughs had universal male suffrage. In others the right to vote
belonged either to the corporation or to those who paid poor rate or to the owners of
particular bits of property. In one large group of about eighty boroughs the vote was
the right of freemen of the town. Absolute control by a patron of the return of a
borough member was rare. It was easiest when , the right to vote was attached to a
particular kind of property. The patron could buy the properties and fill them with
men who. would vote on his instructions.

Ex. 5. Find 4 examples of Past Perfect Tense in the text. The form of the predicate in
Past Perfect Tense is had + Past Participle (V+ed).

Ex. 6. Translate these sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the
Future-in-the-Past constructions.

   1. The impeachments of 1701 showed that it would be dangerous to sign treaties
      without the agreement of ministers.
   2. When it was clear that it would meet every year and that it would decide the
      issues that would determine the course of foreign trade, the conditions of
      internal economic life, and the distribution of the jobs and the honours, the
      competition for the seats began.