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33
magnates, Sapia and Rozynski, assume command of the Polish army for the
pretender. The dissident Cossacks are also recruited and led by the Poles.
So a war develops between the Russians and the Second Pretender's Polish-
Cossack army with its headquarters at Tushino. This war began in the spring of 1608
and soon led to the blockade of Moscow. To aid his nephew, the tsar, prince Michael
Skopin-Shuisky now decides to get into the act. The prince begins to gather his own
private army of mercenary Swedes, Frenchmen, Englishmen and Scotch adventurers,
totaling some 15,000 men, and marches to relieve Moscow. Meanwhile, the Second
Pretender at Tushino quarrels with Rozynski and his Polish followers and thus looses
his support. As a result Tushino has to be abandoned and the blockade of Moscow
collapsed in 1610.
Swift Shifts
The Poles meanwhile are mad at the Russians for making the alliance with
Sweden and in September 1609 they decide to besiege Smolensk. Sigismund also
calls on the Poles at Tushino to join his colors and as a result the Russian aristocrats
and even the leader of the Russian church Filaret who had supported the Pretender go
over to the Poles under Sigismund when the star of the Pretender seems to be sinking
fast. These Russian nobles who changed their allegiance to the Poles were
sarcastically referred to as perelety or ''migratory birds,'' which did not of course
endear them to the hearts of loyal Russians, especially the common folk.
These boyar switch-hitters now made an agreement with Sigismund which
promised to take Wladyslav as the new tsar of Muscovy. It also assured the
inviolability of Russian institutions and the Orthodox Church, including the rights of
landlords over their peasants and the rights of dvoriane to promotion on the basis of
service and merit. The still dissident Cossacks meanwhile join the second Pretender
who has now migrated to Kaluga. Michael Shuisky dies and is replaced by Prince
Dimitry Shuisky - the Shuisky family is bound and determined to get to the seat of
power - who in turn is defeated by the Hetman Zolkiewski and his Cossacks. As a
result many of Dimitry's troops desert to the Poles. The Swedes, who had been
fighting against some of the Cossacks decide to withdraw to Novgorod. Finally the
boyar tsar Vasili Shuisky, who had managed to hang on to the slim threads of power,
is dethroned and a government made up of the boyar duma takes over in July 1610.
But this boyar duma has accepted the agreement made with Sigismund by the
perelety and thus the Poles become the rulers of Moscow between 1610 and 1612.
Wladyslav is elected tsar by a questionable Zemski Sobor and the population of
Russia (mostly Muscovites) takes an oath of allegiance to the new tsar and to
Zolkiewski after the latter defeated the Second Pretender.
Popular Uprising
Opposition to the Poles built up almost as soon as the foreign dictatorship was
established in Moscow. The old patriarch Hermogen stimulated anti-Catholic feeling
in Moscow. Prokopy Liapunov organized an opposition army in Riazan, where there
were few Poles to stop him. In Nishni-Novgorod a wholesale cattle dealer by the
33
magnates, Sapia and Rozynski, assume command of the Polish army for the
pretender. The dissident Cossacks are also recruited and led by the Poles.
So a war develops between the Russians and the Second Pretender's Polish-
Cossack army with its headquarters at Tushino. This war began in the spring of 1608
and soon led to the blockade of Moscow. To aid his nephew, the tsar, prince Michael
Skopin-Shuisky now decides to get into the act. The prince begins to gather his own
private army of mercenary Swedes, Frenchmen, Englishmen and Scotch adventurers,
totaling some 15,000 men, and marches to relieve Moscow. Meanwhile, the Second
Pretender at Tushino quarrels with Rozynski and his Polish followers and thus looses
his support. As a result Tushino has to be abandoned and the blockade of Moscow
collapsed in 1610.
Swift Shifts
The Poles meanwhile are mad at the Russians for making the alliance with
Sweden and in September 1609 they decide to besiege Smolensk. Sigismund also
calls on the Poles at Tushino to join his colors and as a result the Russian aristocrats
and even the leader of the Russian church Filaret who had supported the Pretender go
over to the Poles under Sigismund when the star of the Pretender seems to be sinking
fast. These Russian nobles who changed their allegiance to the Poles were
sarcastically referred to as perelety or ''migratory birds,'' which did not of course
endear them to the hearts of loyal Russians, especially the common folk.
These boyar switch-hitters now made an agreement with Sigismund which
promised to take Wladyslav as the new tsar of Muscovy. It also assured the
inviolability of Russian institutions and the Orthodox Church, including the rights of
landlords over their peasants and the rights of dvoriane to promotion on the basis of
service and merit. The still dissident Cossacks meanwhile join the second Pretender
who has now migrated to Kaluga. Michael Shuisky dies and is replaced by Prince
Dimitry Shuisky - the Shuisky family is bound and determined to get to the seat of
power - who in turn is defeated by the Hetman Zolkiewski and his Cossacks. As a
result many of Dimitry's troops desert to the Poles. The Swedes, who had been
fighting against some of the Cossacks decide to withdraw to Novgorod. Finally the
boyar tsar Vasili Shuisky, who had managed to hang on to the slim threads of power,
is dethroned and a government made up of the boyar duma takes over in July 1610.
But this boyar duma has accepted the agreement made with Sigismund by the
perelety and thus the Poles become the rulers of Moscow between 1610 and 1612.
Wladyslav is elected tsar by a questionable Zemski Sobor and the population of
Russia (mostly Muscovites) takes an oath of allegiance to the new tsar and to
Zolkiewski after the latter defeated the Second Pretender.
Popular Uprising
Opposition to the Poles built up almost as soon as the foreign dictatorship was
established in Moscow. The old patriarch Hermogen stimulated anti-Catholic feeling
in Moscow. Prokopy Liapunov organized an opposition army in Riazan, where there
were few Poles to stop him. In Nishni-Novgorod a wholesale cattle dealer by the
