Английский язык: Сборник текстов. Гурская Т.А. - 14 стр.

      Words you may need:

     primary document                  первичный документ
     taking inventory                  инвентаризация
     sole                              единственный
     financially responsible person    материально-ответственное лицо
     nomenclature                      номенклатура (перечень наименований)
     correspondence                    корреспонденция (счетов)
     internal reporting                внутренняя отчетность
     general ledger                    главная бухгалтерская книга
     summary account register          сводный журнал
     inventory data                    инвентарные данные
     external reporting                внешняя отчетность
     Statement of Financial Results    Отчет о финансовых результатах
      and Their Uses                    и их использовании
     financial reporting form          бланк финансовой отчетности
     historical cost accounting        учет на основе стоимости приобретения

      Text (2)
    From the international perspective, it is important to remember that while based on
similar principles, Russian accounting does not fully meet international accounting
standards (IAS). The main differences are as follows:
    – Sales are usually recorded on a cash basis. The cost of goods/services deli-
vered but not yet paid for remains on the balance slieet until payment is received.
Most Russian taxes are sales-based. As a result, companies try to minimize sales in
their accounts. When sales are recorded on a cash basis, allowances are not made for
bad debt, in spite of the fact that bad debts may represent a considerable share of ac-
counts receivable. Sales figures for Russian companies tend to be understated com-
pared with the accrual sales of Western companies.
    – Cost of goods sold. Russian companies report the full cost goods sold, which
includes production costs, transportation, depreciation, marketing, and financial ex-
penses. No cost items are disclosed separately. Social costs are not included in the
cost of goods sold.
    – Depreciation. Only a straight-line depreciation method is allowed. The depre-
ciation rates are fixed by the government and are as a rule significantly lower than in
the West. Accelerated straight-line depreciation has been permitted since January 1,
1995 but is still rarely used.
    – Fixed assets. Fixed assets pose the most serious problem. Fixed assets are ac-
counted for a historical cost and cover property, plant and equipment. Land is not
treated as a fixed asset and does not appear on the balance sheet at all. Even if depre-
ciation rates are lower than in the West, fixed assets are generally undervalued com-
pared with Western practice.
    – Accounts receivable. Since most Russian companies record sales when they
receive payment, the sales margin is not accrued until that time. Therefore accounts

14