Лекции по лексикологии английского языка. Гусева Г.В. - 12 стр.

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auxiliary verbs are devoid of their lexical meaning which they have when used as

notional verbs or modal verbs, c.f. I have several books by Austin and I have read

some books by Austin.

IV. Metaphor

It is a transfer of the meaning on the basis of comparison. Metaphor can be

based on different types of similarity:

a) similarity of shape: head (of a cabbage), bottleneck, teeth (of a saw, a

comb);

b) similarity of position: foot (of a page, of a mountain), head (of

procession);

c) similarity of function, behaviour: a whip (an official in the British

Parliament whose duty is to see that members were present at the

voting), a bookworm (a person who is fond of books);

d) similarity of colour: orange, hazel, chestnut.

A special type of metaphor is when proper names become common nouns,

e.g. philistine – a mercenary person, vandals – destructive people.

V. Metonymy

It is a transfer of the meaning on the basis of contiguity. There are different

types of metonymy:

a) the material of which an object is made may become the name of the

object: a glass, boards;

b) the name of the place may become the name of the people or of an object

placed there: the House – members of Parliement, the White House – the

Administration of the USA;

c) names of musical instruments may become names of musicians when

they are united in an orchestra: the violin, the saxophone;