Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 22 стр.

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21
to be remodelled
a master-mason
a scaffold
coupled columns
a buttress
a lancet
indigenous
prophetic
an archbishop
a shrine
a pilgrim
angel steeple
a triforium
an apsidal form
Winchester
Winchester is situated in Hampshire, 66.5 miles south-west from London, on the
banks of the River Itchen.
The history of the earliest Winchester (Winton) is lost in legend; tradition dates it
99 years before the first building of Rome. Earthwork and relics show that the Itchen
valley was occupied by the Celts, and it is certain from its position at the centre of six
Roman roads and from the Roman relics found there that the White City of the Celts
was an important Romano-British town. The name of Winchester is linked with that of
King Arthur and his knights, but its historic greatness began when it became the capital
of Wessex. It’s importance was increased by the introduction of Christianity. When the
kings of Wessex became the kings of England, Winchester became, in a sense, the capital
of England, though it had a rival in London, which was more central in position and had
greater advantages. Under Alfred it became a centre of learning and education. It was
the seat of Canute's government. In 1043 Edward the Confessor was crowned in the old
minster. Under the Norman kings it was one of the earliest centres of woollen trade. But
under Henry I London finally replaced Winchester as the capital of England and then the
woollen trade drifted to east of England. During the Civil War* the city suffered much
for its loyalty to Charles I. The legends place the foundation of a great Christian church
at Winchester in the second century. The original Saxon church, the shrine of St Swithun
(lived in the 9th century), seems to have been enlarged circa 963.
In 1079 the history of the present Cathedral of the Holy and Indivisible Trinity
began with the demolition of the old church and the foundation of a vast new stone building
on typical Anglo-Norman lines. It was formally consecrated in 1093. The central tower
collapsed in 1107 and it was attributed to the fact that King William Rufus, who had fallen
to the arrow in the neighbouring New Forest, had been buried here seven years earlier in
1100, in spite of his unchristian life. The tower was reconstructed. In 1189 the church was
extended eastward by the addition of a rectangular retro-choir in place of the Norman

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