Современная архитектура. Гусева О.Г - 25 стр.

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24
Orientation. The arrangement of the axes of buildings and their parts is a device for
controlling the effects of sun, wind, and rainfall.
Within buildings, the axis and placement of each space determine the' amount of sun it
receives. Orientation may control air for circulation and j reduce the disadvantages of
wind, rain, and snow.
The characteristics of the immediate environment also influence j orientation:
trees, land formation, and other buildings create shade and! reduce or intensify wind,
while bodies of water produce moisture and j reflect the sun.
Architectural forms. Planning may control the environment by the' design of
architectural, forms that may modify the effects of natural forces. I
Colour. Colour has a practical planning function as well as an expressive I quality
because of the range of its reflection and its absorption of solar { rays. Since light colours
reflect heat and dark colours absorb it, the choice of materials and pigments is an
effective tool of environmental control.
Materials and techniques. The choice of materials is conditioned by their own
ability to withstand the environment as well as by properties that make them useful to
human beings. One of the architect's jobs is to i find a successful solution to both
conditions; to balance the physical and economic advantages of wood against the
possibility of fire, termites, and mold, the weather resistance of glass and light metals
against their high thermal conductivity, and many similar conflicts.
Interior control. The control of the environment through the design of the plan and
the outer shell of a building cannot be complete, since extremes of heat and cold, light,
and sounds penetrate into the interior, where they can be further modified by the planning
of spaces and by special conditioning devices.
Temperature, light and sound are all subject to control by the size and shape of interior
spaces, the way in which the spaces are connected, and the materials employed for floors,
walls, ceilings, and furnishings.
Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and acoustical methods have
become basic parts of the architectural program.
Planning for use. While environmental planning produces comfort for the senses
(sight, feeling, hearing) and reflexes (respiration), planning for use or function is
concerned with convenience of movement and rest.
Differentiation. The number of functions requiring distinct kinds of space within
a building depends not only upon the type of building but also upon the requirements of
the culture and the habits and activities of the individual patrons. A primitive house has a
single room with a hearth area, and a modern one has a separate areas for cooking, eating,
sleeping, washing, storage, and recreation. A meeting-house with a single hall is sufficient
for Quaker religious services, while a Roman Catholic cathedral may require a nave,
aisles, choir, apse, chapels, crypt, sacristy, and ambulatory.
Economic planning. Major expenses in buildings are for land, materials, and labour.
In each case they are high when the commodity is scarce and low when it is abundant, and
they influence planning more directly when they become restrictive.
When land coverage is limited, it is usually necessary to design in height the space that
otherwise would be planned in breadth and depth, as in the ancient Roman insula

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