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ends in -ing. A past participle may end in -ed or have an irregu-
lar ending.
Example
The person speaking has been talking for an
hour.
We should have asked for written instructions.
A present participial modifier expresses the same time as
that of the main verb in a sentence or clause.
Example
Everyone attending the conference will find it
very informative.
A past participial modifier expresses time before that indi-
cated by the main verb in a sentence or clause.
Example
Some orders received today will be shipped to-
morrow.
A perfect participial modifier shows action completed be-
fore the time indicated by the main verb.
Example
Having been given the wrong directions, we lost
a lot of time.
EXERCISE 4. For each of the following sentences, decide
which expression shown in parentheses correctly completes the
sentence.
1. (Waiting, Having waited) an hour, we decided to leave.
2. Barbara has no (scheduling, scheduled) appointments.
3. We should interview several people (using, used) those
products.
4. Customers usually return merchandise (damaging, dam-
aged) in transit.
5. I am sure that the people (having waited, waiting) are ea-
ger for the store to open.
6. The delegate (Addressing, having been addressed) the
conference arrived yesterday.
7. He left London for Paris (promised, promising) to return
the following year.
8. The method ( using, used) gave the students the opportuni-
ties to learn faster and more.
9. They made this decision in the face of (continued, having
been continued) lack of support from foreign funds.
117
ends in -ing. A past participle may end in -ed or have an irregu-
lar ending.
Example The person speaking has been talking for an
hour.
We should have asked for written instructions.
A present participial modifier expresses the same time as
that of the main verb in a sentence or clause.
Example Everyone attending the conference will find it
very informative.
A past participial modifier expresses time before that indi-
cated by the main verb in a sentence or clause.
Example Some orders received today will be shipped to-
morrow.
A perfect participial modifier shows action completed be-
fore the time indicated by the main verb.
Example Having been given the wrong directions, we lost
a lot of time.
EXERCISE 4. For each of the following sentences, decide
which expression shown in parentheses correctly completes the
sentence.
1. (Waiting, Having waited) an hour, we decided to leave.
2. Barbara has no (scheduling, scheduled) appointments.
3. We should interview several people (using, used) those
products.
4. Customers usually return merchandise (damaging, dam-
aged) in transit.
5. I am sure that the people (having waited, waiting) are ea-
ger for the store to open.
6. The delegate (Addressing, having been addressed) the
conference arrived yesterday.
7. He left London for Paris (promised, promising) to return
the following year.
8. The method ( using, used) gave the students the opportuni-
ties to learn faster and more.
9. They made this decision in the face of (continued, having
been continued) lack of support from foreign funds.
117
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