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F (x) X
f(x)
f(x) F
0
(x) = f(x)
dF (x) = f(x) dx
X F (x)
f(x) F (x) + C
C f(x)
f(x)
X
F (x) + C C
f(x) f(x) dx
Z
f(x) dx,
f(x)dx
f(x)
Z
x
2
dx =
x
3
3
+ C,
µ
x
3
3
+ C
¶
0
=
3x
2
3
+ 0 = x
2
.
d
Z
f(x) dx = f(x) dx,
µ
Z
f(x) dx
¶
0
= f(x).
Z
F
0
(x) dx =
Z
dF (x) = F (x) + C.
d
Z
F (x)
1 ÏÐÎÑÒÅÉØÈÅ ÏÐÈÅÌÛ ÂÛ×ÈÑËÅÍÈß Îïðåäåëåíèå. Ôóíêöèÿ F (x) â äàííîì ïðîìåæóòêå X íà- çûâàåòñÿ ïåðâîîáðàçíîé ôóíêöèè f (x) èëè íåîïðåäåëåííûì èí- òåãðàëîì îò f (x), åñëè âî âñåì ïðîìåæóòêå F 0 (x) = f (x) èëè dF (x) = f (x) dx. Òåîðåìà. Åñëè â íåêîòîðîì ïðîìåæóòêå X ôóíêöèÿ F (x) åñòü ïåðâîîáðàçíàÿ äëÿ ôóíêöèè f (x), òî è ôóíêöèÿ F (x) + C , ãäå C ëþáàÿ ïîñòîÿííàÿ, òàêæå áóäåò ïåðâîîáðàçíîé äëÿ f (x), è íàîáîðîò, êàæäàÿ ôóíêöèÿ, ïåðâîîáðàçíàÿ äëÿ f (x) â íåêîòîðîì ïðîìåæóòêå X , ìîæåò áûòü ïðåäñòàâëåíà â ýòîé ôîðìå.  ñèëó òåîðåìû, âûðàæåíèå F (x) + C , ãäå C ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ ïîñòîÿííàÿ, ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé îáùèé âèä ôóíêöèè, êîòîðàÿ èìååò ïðîèçâîäíóþ f (x) èëè äèôôåðåíöèàë f (x) dx è îáîçíà÷àåòñÿ ñèì- âîëîì Z f (x) dx, â êîòîðîì íåÿâíûì îáðàçîì óæå çàêëþ÷åíà ïðîèçâîëüíàÿ ïîñòîÿí- íàÿ. Âûðàæåíèå f (x)dx íàçûâàþò ïîäèíòåãðàëüíûì âûðàæåíèåì, à ôóíêöèþ f (x) ïîäèíòåãðàëüíîé ôóíêöèåé. Îïåðàöèÿ èíòåãðèðîâàíèÿ ïðîâåðÿåòñÿ îáðàòíûì äåéñòâèåì äèôôåðåíöèðîâàíèåì. Íàïðèìåð, Z µ ¶0 2 x3 x3 3x2 x dx = + C, ïîñêîëüêó +C = + 0 = x2 . 3 3 3 Câîéñòâà èíòåãðàëà Z µZ ¶0 1) d f (x) dx = f (x) dx, èëè f (x) dx = f (x). Z Z 0 2) F (x) dx = dF (x) = F (x) + C. Z (çíàêè äèôôåðåíöèàëà d è èíòåãðàëà âçàèìíî ñîêðàùàþòñÿ, òîëüêî âî âòîðîì ñëó÷àå ê F (x) íóæíî ïðèáàâèòü ïðîèçâîëüíóþ ïîñòîÿííóþ). 3