Английский язык. Жесткова М.В - 49 стр.

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8) John Stevens failed to build a railroad across New Jersey (the USA) because… .
a) he couldn’t find railway workers b) he was unable to raise the money
c) people of the state objected to constructing
10) The construction of the Baltimore-Ohio railroad lasted… .
a) ten years b) one year c) three years
11) The first American-built steam locomotive was called… .
a) the Stourbridge Lion b) the Best Friend of Charleston c) the Rocket
12) Railroads became the dominant means of overland transportation in the United States… .
a) in the 18
th
century b) in the first half of the 19
th
century
c) in the last half of the 19
th
century
Ex.28. You know that there are various types of engines, such as: the water-powered
engine, the wind-powered engine, the steam engine, the internal combustion engine (diesel,
petrol, electric, jet). Read the following sentences and say which type of the engine is
described.
1) In this engine fuel ignites and burns inside the engine itself and not in a furnace.
2) This engine is very economical; it doesn't need fuel to function. But it is dependent on the
weather.
3) In this engine there is a furnace and a boiler. The furnace is filled with wood or coal and then lit.
The fire heats the water in the boiler and when it boils, it turns into steam.
4) It was a wheel but a very small one. Long wide wooden blades were attached to it. The wheel
was driven by the wind.
5) This engine is too large and heavy; it needs too much fuel.
6) This engine is an ordinary wheel with blades fixed to it and the current of a river turned it. It was
used for irrigating fields.
7) This engine is lighter and smaller than a steam engine because it doesn't have a boiler. It is more
powerful than a steam engine because it uses better-quality fuel: petrol or kerosene.
8) The power of this engine depends on the quantity of coal. The more coal is put into the
furnace, the stronger the fire is burning. The more steam there is the faster a train is moving.
9) This engine is the most ecologically friendly one, because it doesn't pollute environment with
exhausted gases.
10) This engine is now used in automobiles, diesel locos and motor ships.
11) This engine is the most powerful, because the gases in it reach the temperature of over a
thousand degrees.
Ex.29. Translate the following texts: (a) from Russian into English and (b) from English
into Russian (do it in written form).
(a) НАЧАЛО СТРОИТЕЛЬСТВА ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ В РОССИИ
Строительство железных дорог в России началось во второй половине 18 века. Первые
вагонеточные пути были проложены на Урале. Они использовались для перевозки угля с шахт
на Колывано-Воскресенский завод (Kolyvano-Voskresensk Works). Как рельсы, так и шпалы
были сделаны из дерева. Уголь перевозили в деревянных тележках (a wooden hand-cart),
которые назывались «собаками», потому что скрип несмазанных колёс (the creak of unlubricated
wheels) был похож на визг (a squeal) собаки. Следует упомянуть, что тележки приводились в
движение водяным колесом, в то время как в Европе основной движущей силой был ручной
труд.
Такие русские изобретатели, как А.С. Ярцев, отец и сын Фроловы, сыграли важную роль в
истории строительства железных дорог. Ярцев предложил заменить деревянные рельсы

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