Английский язык. Жесткова М.В - 51 стр.

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51
Ex.30. Answer the following questions.
1) When were the first projects of the railway construction proposed? 2) Why was it necessary to
connect the two capitals in Russia? 3) Whose project of construction was accepted? 4) Why were
Melnikov and Kraft sent to America? 5) When did the construction begin? 6) How long did the
construction last? 7) Why was it difficult to build the railway? 8) What was built to make the line as
straight as possible? 9) Is there any legend about the construction? 10) What were the rails and
sleepers made of? 11) What equipment was used for the construction? 12) What was done to
facilitate the workers' labor? 13) When was the railway officially opened for public traffic? 14) What
time did the first train depart from St. Petersburg and arrive in Moscow? 15) How many passengers
were there in the first train? 16) What was its speed? 17) What plant was established to provide this
railway with rolling stock?
Ex.31. Arrange the following sentences in a chronological order, put questions to the
underlined words. Using your questions tell about the beginning of railway construction in
Russia.
1) The first steam locomotive was tested in Nizhniy Tagil. 2) The first railway carrying passengers
was officially opened for public traffic in 1851. 3) Such engineers as P.K. Frolov, A.S. Yartsev, and
I.I. Polsunov made great contribution to the development of railway transport in Russia. 4) The first
tram ways were laid down in the Urals. 5) The history of railway construction in Russia began in the
second half of the 18'
h
century. 6) I.I. Polsunov invented the stationary steam engine in 1763. 7) At the
beginning of the 19
th
century it was decided to build the railway connecting two Russian capitals.
8) A.S. Yartsev suggested using cast iron rails instead of wooden ones in 1788. 9) The Cherepanovs
constructed the first steam locomotive. 10) Goods were transported in carts driven by the water wheel.
11) The construction of the St.Petersburg-Moscow line began in 1843 and lasted eight years. 12) The
first tram ways were used for carrying coal, ore and other goods. 13) The railway constructed by P.K.
Frolov was horse-powered. 14) P.K. Frolov built “chugunka” in the Altai Mountains.
Ex.32. Complete the sentences and add your own information to develop the situation.
1) The history of railway construction… . 2) The first tram ways… . 3) The first rails and sleepers…
. 4) Coal and other goods… . 5) In the Western Europe the carts with coal were driven by the workers,
but in Russia… . 6) The wooden carts were called… . 7) Much was done for the railway construction
by… . 8) Yartsev suggested replacing… . 9) The first railway with cast iron rails… . 10) The
Cherepanovs, father and son… . 11) The first steam engine… . 12) The first steam locomotive
could… . 13) The Nizhniy Tagil railway… .
TEXT B
Below there are four texts about famous people of Great Britain and the USA. Choose any
text you like, read it and make up the list of the words you don’t know. Look up the meaning of
the unknown words in your dictionary. Be careful because one of your group-mates will translate
the text you have chosen without a dictionary, using only the list of words you have written out.
THE STEPHENSON FAMILY
George Stephenson was born on June 9, 1781, in the mining village of Wylam,
Northumberland, England. He went to work as a horse-driver in a coal-mine at an early age and
without formal schooling. At nineteen George was put to work on a steam engine. Now he had time
to learn reading and writing. In 1814 Stephenson made a design of the Blocher, one of the first
railroad locomotives. But George couldn’t build it because he had no money. In 1815 he patented an
engine with a steam blast
1
, by which exhaust steam was redirected up the chimney. The new design
increased the engines power and made the locomotive truly practical. In the same year Stephenson
also invented a safety lamp for miners.

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