Английский язык. Жесткова М.В - 52 стр.

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52
In 1822 he was commissioned to build a steam locomotive for a railroad line to be built from
Stockton to Darlington. His son, Robert, assisted him in survey work for the tracks, and on Sept. 27,
1825, the railroad was opened for public traffic. In 1823 George Stephenson established a
locomotive works in Newcastle. George and Robert then cooperated in the construction of a railway
connecting Liverpool and Manchester. In 1829, the railway company held a competition to find a
suitable locomotive for the line; George and Robert won the contest with the Rocket, an engine with
a multi-tubular boiler
2
. George Stephenson died in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, on Aug. 12, 1848.
Robert Stephenson was George’s only son. He was born in Willington Quay, Northumberland,
on Oct. 16, 1803. He studied mathematics at Bruce’s Academy in Newcastle upon Tyne and later
attended Edinburgh University. He managed the Newcastle locomotive works and in 1833 was
appointed chief engineer of the London and Birmingham Railway, the first railway into London. He
directed several major engineering works, but he is best known for his long-span railroad bridges
3
.
Robert died in London on Oct. 12, 1859.
George Robert Stephenson (1819–1905), a civil engineer
4
educated at King William College on
the Isle of Man, entered his uncle George Stephenson's employ in 1837 during the construction of a
railway from Manchester to Leeds. He helped Robert build the Victoria Bridge across the St.
Lawrence River in Canada and served as a consultant and designer on independent projects in
England and abroad. Upon Robert's death in 1859, George Robert became director of the Newcastle
locomotive works.
Notes:
1
steam blast – выхлоп пара
2
multi-tubular boiler – многотрубный паровой котёл
3
bridge span – пролёт моста
4
civil engineer – инженер строитель
THE BRUNELS FAMILY
Two engineers whose inventions had a major influence on transportation methods were Marc
Isambard Brunel and his only son, Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Marc solved the historic problem of
underwater tunneling. Isambard, a civil
1
and mechanical engineer, was the designer of the first
transatlantic steamer.
Marc Isambard Brunel was born on April 25, 1769, in Hacqueville, France. Because of his
Royalist sympathies, he fled to the United States in 1793 during the French Revolution. He held the
post of chief engineer of New York.
After Brunel improved a method for loading ships by mechanical means, rather than by hand, he
sailed to England in 1799 to market his plans to the British government. A prolific inventor, he also
designed machines for sawing timber, boot making, knitting, and printing. In 1818, in his practice as
a civil engineer, he patented the tunneling shield
2
, a device that made safe underwater tunneling
possible. In 1825 operations began for building the Brunel-designed tunnel under the Thames River.
This project, which had no precedent, was completed in 1842, after great physical and financial
difficulties. Brunel, who was knighted for his engineering feat, died in London on Dec. 12, 1849.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel was born in Portsmouth, England, on April 9, 1806. At the age of
19 he was appointed resident-engineer
3
when work on the Thames Tunnel began. Later he served as
engineer at the Bristol Docks and also designed several other docks in England. In 1833 he was
appointed chief engineer to the Great Western Railway. His introduction of the broad-gauge
railway, with tracks 7 feet (2 meters) apart, made possible high speeds that helped stimulate rail
progress. Brunel was responsible for building railways in Great Britain and Italy and served as an
adviser on projects in Australia and India.
The younger Brunel's outstanding contributions to marine engineering were his three ships, each
the largest in the world at its launching date. The Great Western (1837), a wooden paddle vessel
4
,
was the first steamship to provide regular transatlantic service. The Great Britain (1843) was the
first large vessel driven by a screw propeller. The Great Eastern (1858) achieved fame by laying the

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