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supported Landon. However, they did not represent the majority opinion, even though their number was
large enough for the sample size to be valid. So, it's not that polls simply have to be large enough, but they
have to represent the entire voting population. Otherwise, their results won't be valid.
(Narrator)
Exercise 1 Answer the questions.
1 According to the speaker, what is an acceptable margin of error in political polls?
2 What do political polls describe?
3 How did Literary Digest obtain their sample?
4 Why were the results of the poll invalid?
Exercise 2 Translate from Russian into English.
1 Результаты голосования считаются действительными, если участие принимало большинство, и
это большинство было представлено разными группами населения.
2 Люди, проводящие голосования, не должны допускать ошибок в процессе голосования, которые
могут повлиять на конечный результат.
3 Победителем голосований является кандидат, набравший большинство голосов.
4 Очевидно, что чрезмерное употребление лекарств наносит больше вреда, чем пользы.
5 Запас питьевой воды повышает необходимый минимум.
6 Обнаружение опасных мест и принятие необходимых мер позволило избежать возможных
оползней.
(Narrator)
Text 1 Read, translate and retell.
Charles Lindbergh was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1902 but was raised on a farm in Minnesota, where his
father was elected to the U.S. Congress in 1907. From then on, he spent his boyhood alternately in Washing-
ton, D.C., Detroit, and Little Falls, Minnesota.
Because Lindbergh exhibited exceptional mechanical talent, in 1921 he was admitted to the University of
Wisconsin to study engineering. However, the young man was seeking more challenging endeavors, and two
years later he became a stunt pilot who performed feats at county fairs and public assemblies. This unusual
and dangerous undertaking paid off handsomely in the sense that it allowed him to gain a diverse and well-
rounded experience in aeronautics. He particularly delighted in what he called "wing-walking" and parachute
jumping.
After a year of training as a military cadet, Lindbergh completed his program at the Brooks and Kelly air-
fields at the top of his class and earned the rank of captain. Robertson Aircraft Corporation of St. Louis, Mis-
souri, offered him employment as a mail pilot to run the routes between St. Louis and Chicago, and Lind-
bergh retained his position with the company until 1927. During this period, he set out to win the Raymond
B. Orteig prize of $25,000 to be awarded to the first pilot to fly nonstop from New York to Paris. This ambi-
tion would irreversibly change his life and accord him a prominent place in the history of aviation.
Embarking on the greatest adventure of his time, Lindbergh left Roosevelt Field at 7:52 A.M. on May
20,1927, and landed at Le Bourget Field at 5:24 P.M. the next day. Fearing that he would be unknown when
he arrived, Lindbergh carried letters of introduction to dignitaries in Paris, but when his plane came to a stop,
he was overwhelmed by tremendous welcoming crowds. He was decorated in France, Great Britain, and
Belgium, and President Coolidge sent a specially designated cruiser, the Memphis, to bring him back. His
accomplishments in aeronautics brought him more medals and awards than had ever been received by any other
person in private life.
Text 2 Read, translate and retell.
Lithography is a planographic process that performs a significant function in illustration and offset printing.
It is based on the principle that water does not combine with grease-based substances, preventing them from
smearing an outline on an unpolished surface. The contour does not need to be engraved into the plate, as in
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