Менеджеры и менеджмент (Executives and Management) - 33 стр.

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In the first step, unfreezing
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, participants must be made aware of problems and be willing to change. This
step is often associated with diagnosis, which uses an outside expert called a change agent. The change agent
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is an OD specialist who performs a systematic diagnosis of the organization and identifies work-related prob-
lems. He or she gathers and analyzes date through personal interviews, questionnaires, and observations of
meetings. The diagnosis helps determine the extent of organizational problems and helps unfreeze managers by
making them aware of problems in their behavior.
The second step, changing
19
, occurs when individuals experiment with new behavior and learn new skills
to be used in the workplace. This is sometimes known as intervention, during which the change agent imple-
ments a specific plan for training managers and employees. This plan may include team building, survey feed-
back, intergroup, process-consultation, and symbolic leadership activities as described earlier.
The third step, refreezing
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, occurs when individuals acquire new attitudes or values and are rewarded for
them by the organization. The impact of new behaviors is evaluated and reinforced. The change agent supplies
new data that show positive changes in performance. Senior executives can reward positive behavioral changes by
employees. Manager and employees also participate in refresher courses to maintain and reinforce the new behav-
iors.
The spirit of what OD tries to accomplish with culture/people change was illustrated in Honeywell's use of
OD to change the corporate culture from an autocratic to a participative mindset.
UNIT FOUR
Companies and Organizations
In this section various aspects of describing companies and referring to their activities are covered.
Background information about the organization.
What sort of company is it?
There are many types of business organization and the different terms can be
confusing. Read both columns below. The left-hand column gives various types of
organization and the other column contains short descriptions of each organization.
Cover the Type column, and from the description name the type of organization. Fi-
nally, cover the Description column, and try to describe each organization listed.
Charity = an organization to relieve poverty, advance religion or education, etc;
benefits from some financial concessions.
Company (UK) = an organization operating to make a profit corporation (US)
Cooperative = a democratic firm owned by its workers.
Enterprise = a new commercial activity [for example How's your new enterprise? Also in some company
names; for example, Smiths Enterprises (enterprise = firm)
Government agency = an organization which is part of the state administration.
Holding company = a firm, usually without commercial activity, created to be parent to other companies.
Limited company = a firm where shareholders' liability is limited.
Minority interest = company in which another firm has less than a 50 % interest.
Multinational = an organization operating in several countries.
Nationalized company = company owned by the state.
Offshore company = a firm based in a tax haven to avoid higher taxation.
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Unfreezing A step in the diagnosis stage of organizational development in which participants are made aware of problems in order to in-
crease their willingness to change their behavior.
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Change agent An OD specialist who contracts with an organization to facilitate change.
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Changing A step in the intervention stage of organizational development in which individuals experiment with new workplace behavior.
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Refreezing A step in the reinforcement stage of organizational development in which individuals acquire a desired new skill or attitude and
are rewarded for it by the organization.

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