Пища для ума - Food for thought. Коломейцева Е.М - 18 стр.

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Transgenic animals
Transgenic animals are (used / made / built) as experimental models to perform
phenotypic
tests with genes whose function is
unknown or to generate animals that are (sensitive / sensible / susceptible) to certain compounds or stresses for testing in biomedical
research. Other applications (consist / include / compose) the production of human hormones, such as
insulin
.
Frequently used in genetic (study / survey / research) are transgenic fruit flies (
Drosophila melanogaster
) as genetic models to
study the effects of genetic changes on development. Flies are often (preferred / chosen / taken) over other animals for ease of
culture, and also because the fly genome is somewhat simpler than (that / some / one) of
vertebrates
. Transgenic mice are often used
to study cellular and tissue-specific (responses / answer / reply) to disease.
E x e r c i s e T h r e e
. Read the article below and write one word to fill the gap.
Transgenic plants
Transgenic plants
1. _____ been developed for various purposes: resistance to pests, herbicides or harsh environmental
conditions; improved shelflife; increased nutritional value – and many more. Since the first commercial cultivation of GM plants in
1996, GM plant events tolerant to the herbicides
glufosinate
or
glyphosate
and events producing the
Bt toxin
, an insecticide,
2. _____ dominated the market. Recently, a new generation of GM plants promising benefits for consumers and industry purposes
3. _____ becoming ready to enter the markets.
Whenever GM plants 4. _____ grown on open fields without forms of containment, there is the possibility that there could
5. _____ associated environmental risks. Therefore, most countries require biosafety studies prior 6. _____ the approval of a new GM
plant event, usually followed 7. _____ a monitoring programme to detect environmental impacts.
Especially in Europe, the
coexistence of GM plants with conventional and organic crops
8. _____ raised many concerns. Since
there is separate legislation for GM crops and a high demand from consumers for the freedom of choice between GM and non-GM
foods, measures 9. _____ required to separate GM, conventional and organic plants and derived food and feed. European research
programmes such as
Co-Extra
, Transcontainer and SIGMEA 10. _____ investigating appropriate tools and rules. On the field level,
these are
biological containment
methods,
isolation distances
and
pollen barriers
.
E x e r c i s e F o u r
. Read the article and decide whether the statements are true or false.
1. Genetic manipulation is not approved unanimously.
2. Global effects of GMOs are predictable.
3. The majority of the states decided to support GMOs.
4. PEI is against GM potatoes.
5. There is a great controversy in the use of GMOs in Australia.
6. Modern research does not use genetic engineering.
Government support for and ban of GMOs
The use of GMOs has sparked significant controversy in many areas. Some groups or individuals see the generation and use of
GMO as intolerable meddling with biological states or processes that have naturally evolved over long periods of time, while others
are concerned about the limitations of modern science to fully comprehend all of the potential negative ramifications of genetic
manipulation.
While some groups advocate the complete prohibition of GMOs, others call for mandatory labeling of
genetically modified food
or other products. Other controversies include the definition of patent and property pertaining to products of genetic engineering and
the possibility of unforeseen local and global effects as a result of transgenic organisms proliferating. The basic ethical issues
involved in genetic research are discussed in the article on
genetic engineering
.
USA
In 2004,
Mendocino County
,
California
became the first county in the
United States
to ban the production of GMOs. The
measure passed with a 57 % majority. In California,
Trinity
and
Marin
counties have also imposed bans on GM crops, while
ordinances to do so were unsuccessful in
Butte
,
San Luis Obispo
,
Humboldt
, and
Sonoma
counties. Supervisors in the
agriculturally
-
rich counties of
Fresno
,
Kern
,
Kings
,
Solano
,
Sutter
, and
Tulare
have passed resolutions supporting the practice.
CANADA
In 2005, a
standing committee
of the government of
Prince Edward Island
in
Canada
began work to assess a proposal to ban the
production of GMOs in the province. PEI has already banned GM potatoes, which account for most of its crop. Mainland Canada is
one of the world’s largest producers of GM canola.
AUSTRALIA
Several states of Australia have had moratoria on the planting of GM food crops dating from around 2003. However, in late 2007
the states of New South Wales and Victoria lifted these bans while South Australia and Western Australia continued their bans.
Tasmania has extended their moratorium to June 2008. The state of Queensland has allowed the growing of GM crops since 1995 and
has never had a GM ban.
Currently, there is little international consensus regarding the acceptability and effective role of modified "complete" organisms
such as plants or animals. A great deal of the modern research that is illuminating complex biochemical processes and disease
mechanisms makes vast use of genetic engineering.
E x e r c i s e F i v e
. Read, translate and make up questions covering the main points of the article.

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